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Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (at first); eventually the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; Germany and Italy were protecting themselves from France, Austria-Hungary from Russia Triple Entente France, Russia, and Great Britain (and Serbia and Belgium); eventually the U.S. and Japan; all united against Germany Causes of WWI Nationalism --> France wanted Alsace and Lorraine, Serbia wanted Austro-Hungarian territory, subject nationalities eg Yugoslavs, Czechs, Slovaks and Poles wanted independence; Imperialism --> France vs. Germany over Morocco, Russia vs. Austria-Hungary in the Balkans, Great Britain vs. Germany over control in Africa and Middle East and over world markets Militarism --> each country drafted soldiers, lengthened the training period, and provided them with modern equipment; Germany had a military tradition, extolled armed might; armament manufacturers encouraged increased production of military equipment; Great Britain considered Germany's naval expansion a major threat Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Franco-Prussian War u boats German submarines; major threat to Allied naval forces; caused major disruption in Atlantic; partially why U.S. joined Zimmerman telegram March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico; intercepted and decoded by the British and published in American newspapers; helped to convince Congress to declare war on Germany Archduke Franz Ferdinand Archduke of Austria Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian in 1914, his murder was one of the causes of WWI Wilson's Fourteen Points the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations Treaty of Versailles Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, and Air force. 2) Germany had to repair war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. Lusitania British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives, one of main reasons America decided to join the war Three Emperor's League linked the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia against radical movements Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty Promised neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890 · This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it · Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria · France courted Russia and the two became allies Anglo-French Entente of 1904 settled all colonial disputes between Great Britain and France First Balkan War 1912 - Serbia joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman Empire Second Balkan War 1913 - began because of fighting between Serbia and Bulgaria over the winnings from the First Balkan War Third Balkan War Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia - July 28, 1914; soon evolved into WWI Tsar Nicholas II czar of Russia; declared partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914; couldn't mobilize without also attacking Germany; ordered full mobilization --> declared general war; eventually had to surrender war due to the Russian Revolution General Helmuth von Multke German general who demanded that Belgium permit the German army to pass through the country; when denied, did it anyway Lawrence of Arabia British officer who urged the princes of Arabia to revolt against the Ottoman Empire War Raw Materials Board Masterminded by Walter Rathenau, this was set up by the German government to ration and distribute raw materials Hinderberg and Lunderdorff overthrew Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg, became the real rulers of Germany; declared ultimate mobilization --> all agriculture, industry and labor was to be "used exclusively for the conduct of War." Irish nationalists tried to take advantage of the war and rose up against British rule --> Easter Rebellion Clemenceau (1841-1929), aged patriot and President of France, pro-nationalist, established virtual dictatorship, representative for France at Paris Peace Conference, determined to gain security for France against possible resurgence of German power, also demanded substantial reparations from Germany to pay for reconstruction of war-ravaged northern France, one of Big Four, representing a democratic system League of Nations International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join; proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s Treaty of Brest-Litousk March 1918, gave away a third of Russia's land and a fourth of its population, ended Russia's military involvement in WWI Schleiffen Plan plan by Germany to take France quickly before Russia could mobilize by violating Belgian neutrality; made Britain enter the war Black Hand the Serbian terrorist group that planned to assassinate Franz Ferdinand, part of the Pan-Slavism nationalist movement, with the intention of uniting all of the territories containing South Slav populations (Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenes, etc) annexed by Austria-Hungary. Boer War Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa Moroccan Crisis British and French make deal, French accept Brit. rule in Egypt, Brit. support French to dominate Morocco. Germany don't like alliance, don't accept, call international conference, Algerians Conference of 1906, brings Brit+French closer together, Germany gets nothing except no friends except for Austria/Hungary. Anglo-French Entente of 1904 settled all colonial issues Congress of Berlin (1878) Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism Western Front In WWI, the region of Northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other; "All Quiet on the..." Armistice November 1918, Germans signed one --> agreement to stop fighting and negotiate Lloyd George the prime minister of Great Britain; platform was to make the Germans pay for WWI (at the Paris Peace Conference) but didn't want to make them so weak that they became communist. Wanted them to weaken their Navy