1.
Accommodation of lens: change in refractive power due to change from moderately convex (distant vision) to very convex (higher refraction for near vision). Ciliary muscle is controlled mainly by parasympathetic nerves.
2.
Depth of focus: distance an object can move & remain in focus, arrowing diameter of the pupil increases depth of focus, also prevents light from passing through the periphery of the lens where curvature is greater. Circular smooth muscle of iris constricts pupil, autonomic response.
3.
Fovea centralis: center of macula where layer 3 - 7 are pushed aside allowing light to reach the cones unimpeded, on visual axis, increases visual acuity or resolution
4.
Nuclei: origin oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV) and abducens (VI) cranial nerves coordinate eye movements and changes in lens shape and pupil size
5.
Optic disc: blind spot area of retina where optic nerve exits, no rods or cones
6.
optic nerve: axons of ganglionic cells
7.
Photopigment: integral protein of disc membrane
8.
Photoreceptors: rod & cones
9.
Refraction: bending of light rays as they pass obliquely from one medium into another of different optical density (property of transparent material which is a measure of speed of light through it)
10.
Retina: light sensitive coat of the eye. retinal layers from deeper to surface contacting vitreous humor
11.
Retina layer: is a layer of the eye that contains sensory receptors that respond to light stimuli. Visual pathway is optic nerves to optic chiasma to optic tract to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus to visual cortex. Medial retinal fibers cross over in chiasma, lateral fibers do not
12.
Retinal: vitamin A derivative. light absorbing portion, 2 isomers cis and trans
13.
The eye: is a sensory organ, analogous to a camera. It focuses visual images on the retina. light stimuli.
14.
Three processes involved in focusing: refraction, accommodation of lens, and depth of focus
15.
Visual cortex: the occipital lobe of the brain interprets signals relating to shape, color, and movement & spatial organization