7th Grade Science Finals
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Created by:
cathyshuwang on May 31, 2011
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<p>key facts and vocabulary from 7th grade Life Science textbook</p>
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457 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection; observed diversity of organisms, remains of ancient organisms, and characteristics of organisms on Galapagos Islands |
| theory of evolution | a scientific theory of the origin of species of plants and animals; species gradually changed over many generations and became better adapted to the new environments |
| new species forms | a group of individuals remains isolated from the rest of its species long enough to evolve different traits |
| species | a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring |
| fossils | preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past |
| adaptation | a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment |
| evolution | the gradual change in a species over time |
| scientific theory | a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations |
| natural selection | individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species |
| variation | the difference between individuals of the same species |
| factors that affect natural selection | overproduction, variations, competition |
| evidence of evolution | similar body structures, patterns of early development, molecular structure, fossils |
| comparative anatomy | comparison of the structures of different organisms |
| homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor |
| mold | a hollow area in sediment in the shape of an organism or part of an organism |
| cast | a solid copy of the shape of an organism |
| petrified fossils | fossils in which minerals replace all or part of an organism |
| fossils form | organisms that die become buried in sediments |
| trace fossils | fossils that provide evidence of the activities of ancient organisms |
| paleontologists | scientists who study fossils |
| gradualism | the theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily |
| punctuated equilibrium | the theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change |
| habitat | a specific environment that provides the things the organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce |
| gene pool | all the genetic variations in a species |
| extinct | no members of the species is alive |
| change in a species' environment | What is extinction caused by? |
| climate change | leading cause of extinction |
| preserved remains | organisms trapped in tar or amber or frozen |
| classification | the process of grouping things based on their similarities |
| easier to study | Why do biologists organize living things into groups? |
| taxonomy | the scientific study of how living things are classified |
| systematics | the scientific study, trying to figure out evolutionary relationships |
| binomial nomenclature | the system for naming organisms in which each organism is given a unique, two-part scientific name, indicating its genus and species |
| genus | a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms |
| eight classification levels | domain, kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, species |
| three domains | bacteria, archaea, eukarya |
| prokaryotes | organisms whose cells lack a nucleus |
| archaea habitat | extreme environments: hot springs, salty water, swamps, cow intestines |
| eukaryotes | organisms with cells that contain nuclei |
| four kingdoms | protists, fungi, plants, animals |
| protist | a eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus |
| fungus | a eukaryotic organism that has cell walls, uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food |
| branching tree diagram | a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related |
| shared derived characteristic | usu. homologous structure that is shared by all organisms in the group |
| changes in environment and surface | What do fossils show? |
| geology | the study of structure of Earth and forces that make and shape Earth |
| erosion | the process by which water, ice, or wind breaks down rocks |
| uniformitarianism | the principle that states that the geologic processes that operate today also operated in the past |
| igneous rock | rock that forms when molten material from beneath Earth's surface cools and hardens; may form on or below surface |
| sedimentary rock | rock made of sediments that have been deposited and then pressed together to form sold rock |
| metamorphic rock | rock formed when existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions; usu. under pressure deep underground |
| rock cycle | a series of processes on and beneath Earth's surface that slowly build, change, and destroy rocks from one kind to another |
| magma | molten material beneath Earth's surface |
| lava | liquid magma that reaches the surface |
| relative age | rock age compared to the ages of other rocks |
| absolute age | number of years since the rock formed |
| law of superposition | law that states "in horizontal sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layer is on the bottom; the youngest is on the top" |
| extrusion | igneous rock layer formed when lava flows onto Earth's surface and hardens; younger than rocks below it |
| intrusion | igneous rock layer formed when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface; younger than rock layers around and beneath it |
| fault | break in Earth's crust; younger than rock it cuts through |
| cross-cutting relationship | when something cuts across a body of rock, it is younger than the rock it cuts across |
| unconformity | surface where new rock layers meet a much older rock surface beneath them, because of eroded sediments |
| inclusion | piece of rock that is contained in another rock; starts as solid rock piece that breaks off from existing rock; younger than the rock it came from |
| index fossils | fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period |
| atom | smallest particle of an element |
| element | any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| radioactive decay | process of elements breaking down by releasing particles and energy |
| determine absolute ages | What is radioactive dating used for? |
| half-life | time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay |
| ancient rocks | What is Potassium-40 useful in dating? |
| argon-40 | What does Potassium-40 decay into? |
| recent organisms | What is Carbon-14 useful in dating? |
| nitrogen-14 | What does Carbon-14 decay into? |
| moon rocks and meteorites | What did scientists use to estimate the age of Earth? |
| 4.6 billion years | How old is Earth approximately? |
| plate | one of the twelve major pieces of Earth's rocky outer layer on which continents and oceans move |
| theory of plate tectonics | the theory that Earth's plates move slowly in various directions |
| Pangaea | all the continents joined together in a supercontinent 260 million years ago |
| continental drift | the very slow movement of continents |
| geologic time scale | the record of the life forms and geologic events in Earth's history |
| era | one of three long units between Precambrian Time and present: Paleozoic, Mesozoice, Cenozoic |
| period | one of the units of geologic time into which geologists divide eras |
| invertebrates | animals without backbones |
| Cambrian Explosion | during Cambrian period, when new life forms appeared within relatively short time |
| vertebrate | animal with backbone |
| Ordovician Period | When did jawless fish (the first vertebrates) evolve? |
| Silurian Period | When did the plants became abundant and the first insects appear? |
| Devonian Period | When was the Age of Fishes and when vertebrates began invading land (amphibians)? |
| amphibian | an animal that lives part of its life on land and part of life in water |
| Carboniferous Period | What period did reptiles, winged insects, giant ferns form? |
| reptile | an animal that lays eggs and has lungs and scaly skin |
| mass extinction | when many types of living things befcome extinct at the same time |
| Permian extinction | the mass extinction ending Paleozoic Era, 90% of marine animals died out |
| Permian Period | What period did the Pangaea form? |
| Mesozoic Era | Age of Reptiles |
| Triassic Period | What period did the first dinosaurs and small mammals appear? |
| mammal | a warm-blooded vertebrate that feeds its young milk |
| Jurassic Period | What period were dinosaurs dominant and the first birds evolved? |
| Cretaceous Period | What period did flying become more popular and flowering plants develop? |
| K-T extinction | between Cretacious and Tertiary periods; object from space supposedly struck Earth or climate changed; dinosaurs got wiped out |
| Cenezoic Era | What era did mammals evolve to live in different environments? |
| Tertiary Period | What period did Earth's climate become warmer, grazing animals evolved, and animals became larger? |
| Quaternary Period | What period did Earth's climate become colder and there were many ice ages? Humans soon came to life. |
| cell, tissue, organ, organ system | What are the levels of organization in the body? |
| muscle tissue | body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move |
| epithelial tissue | body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out |
| connective tissue | body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts |
| nervous tissue | body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a major function |
| eleven organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, immune, reproductive, nervous, endocrine |
| digestion | breakdown of food into small molecules the body can use |
| bile | chemical produced by liver and enzymes from pancreas help break down food in small intestine |
| kidneys | major organs of excretory system |
| nephron | small filtering structure found in the kidneys that removes wastes from blood and produces urine |
| urinary bladder | sacklike muscular organ that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body |
| pathogen | an organism that causes disease |
| antibody | protein produced by a B cell of the immune system that destory pathogens |
| immunity | the ability to destory pathogens before they can cause disease |
| brain and spinal cord | What are the two main organs of the nervous system? |
| endocrine system | What organ system regulates activities of the organs and their systems by releasing hormones? |
| homeostasis | the process by which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment; the body's tendency to keep an internal balance |
| stress | reaction of your body to potentially threatening, challenging, or disturbing events |
| adrenaline | a chemical that gives you a burst of energy and prepares your body to take action |
| fight or flight | a reaction caused/warned by adrenaline that prepares one to either go against the stressor or escape |
| skeleton | the inner framework made of all the bones of the body |
| skeleton functions | 1) provides shape and support 2) enables movement 3) protects organs 4) produces blood cells 5) stores minerals and other materials until needed |
| vertebrae | small bones that make up the backbone (26) |
| joint | place in body where two bones come together; allow bones to move in different ways |
| hinge joint | allows forward or backward motion; bend and straighten (knee, elbow) |
| ball-and-socket joint | allow greatest range of motion; swing bone freely in circle (shoulder, hip) |
| pivot joint | allows one bone to rotate around another; turn from side to side (neck) |
| sliding joint | allows one bone to slide over another; enables you to bend and flex, and side-to-side motions; (wrist, ankle) |
| immovable joint | joints in body that connect bones in a way that allows little or no movement (skull) |
| ligament | strong connective tissue that holds bones together in movable joints |
| cartilage | connective tissue that is more flexible than bone; protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together |
| bone structure | from outside-in: outer membrane, compact bone, spongy bone, marrow |
| compact bone | hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone |
| spongy bone | layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone; lightweight but strong |
| marrow | soft connective tissue that fills the internal spaces in bone |
| red marrow | type of marrow that produces most of the body's blood cells |
| yellow marrow | type of marrow that stores fat that can serve as an energy reserve |
| osteoporosis | a condition in which body's bones become weak and break easily because of mineral loss |
| involuntary muscle | muscle that is not under conscious control |
| voluntary muscle | muscle that are under conscious control |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bone; reacts quickly; tire quickly |
| tendon | strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| striated muscle | muscle that appears banded; aka skeletal muscle |
| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body; not striated, react and tire slowly |
| cardiac muscle | involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart; striated; don't get tired; contract repeatedly |
| work in pairs | Because muscle cells can only move bones by contracting, skeletal muscles must _____________. One muscle contracts while the other relaxes. |
| force | the push or pull on an object; described by its strength/magnitude and direction in which it acts |
| newton | the standard unit for magnitude of a force |
| work | the force exerted on an object that causes it to move; force x distance |
| machine | a device that allows you to do work in a way that is easier or more effective |
| lever | a rigid rod that is free to rotate around a fixed pivot point |
| fulcrum | the fixed point that a lever rotates around |
| make work easier | What does the lever do by changing the amount of force exerted, the distance over which the force is exerted, or the direction of the force? |
| effort force | force that you exert on a lever |
| effort distance | distance you push down |
| resistance force | force that a lever exerts on an object |
| resistance distance | distance the lever pushes up on an object |
| mechanical advantage | number of times a lever increases a force exerted on it; ratio of resistance force to effort force (RF/EF) |
| effort arm | distance from fulcrum to effort force |
| resistance arm | distance from the fulcrum to the resistance force |
| law of the lever | for a lever to be balanced, the effort force times the effort arm (EF X EA) must be equal to the resistance force times resistance arm (RF X RA) |
| first-class lever | fulcrum is between effort force and resistance force {RFE}; changes direction of effort force (scissors, pliers, seesaws) |
| second-class lever | resistance force is between effort force and fulcrum {ERF}; increase force, doesn't change direction of effort force (doors, nutcrackers, bottle openers) |
| third-class lever | effort force is between the resistance force and fulcrum {FER}; increase distance, don't change direction of effort force (fishing poles, shovels, baseball bats) / thigh, wrist, shoulder, knee, elbow |
| cardiovascular system | aka circulatory system, consisting of heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| circulatory functions | carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells; blood contains cells that fight disease |
| heart | hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body |
| atrium | one of two upper heart chamber that receives blood coming into the heart |
| pacemaker | a group of heart cells in right atrium that sends out signals that make the heart muscle contract |
| ventricle | one of two lower heart chambers that pumps blood out of the heart |
| valve | a flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backward; between atria and ventricles and large blood vessels that carry blood away from heart |
| hypo | under |
| hyper | excessive |
| macro | large |
| micro | small |
| ology | study of |
| bio | life |
| myo | muscle |
| vac | empty |
| zoo | animal |
| cide | kill |
| angi | vessel |
| anthr | human |
| aqua | water |
| brachi | arm |
| cal | hot |
| cephal | head |
| cardi | heart |
| hepat | liver |
| homo | same |
| path | disease |
| xanth | yellow |
| photo | light |
| phyll | leaf |
| oma | tumor |
| sym/syn | with/together |
| som | body |
| ost | bone |
| hetero | different |
| auto | self |
| bi | two |
| phobia | fear of |
| i | (plural) |
| anti | against |
| ist | one who practices |
| ite | rock or mineral |
| artery | a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart |
| capillary | a tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells |
| vein | a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart |
| two-loop system | 1) blood travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart 2) blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns again to the heart |
| right atrium | receives blood from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide |
| right ventricle | pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs |
| aorta | the largest artery in the body; carries blood from left ventricle to the body |
| left atrium | oxygen-rich blood moves from the lungs there |
| left ventricle | pumps oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body |
| septum | prevents oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood from mixing in the heart |
| coronary artery | an artery that supplies blood to the heart itself |
| pulse | the alternating expansion and relaxation of an artery wall as blood travels through an artery |
| materials are exchanged | What happens in the capillaries between the blood and body cells? |
| diffusion | the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| factors that help blood flow | 1) contraction of muscles 2) valves to prevent backflow 3) breathing movements exert squeezing pressure against veins |
| pressure | force per unit area |
| blood pressure | the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels (expressed in millimeters of mercury) |
| force of ventricle contraction | What is blood pressure caused by? |
| blood components | plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
| plasma | liquid part of blood; carries nutrients, chemical messengers that direct body activities, and waste; three groups: 1) regulate amount of water in blood 2) help fight disease 3) interacts with platelets to form blood clots |
| red blood cell | a cell in the blood that takes up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to cells elsewhere in the body |
| hemoglobin | an iron-containing protein that binds chemically to oxygen molecules |
| white blood cell | a blood cell that fights disease |
| platelet | a cell fragment that plays an important part in forming blood clots |
| fibrin | a protein caused by blood clotting that weaves a net of tiny fibers across the cut in the blood cells. |
| shock | the failure of the circulatory system to provide an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body |
| blood types | A, B, AB, O; determined by proteins (marker molecules) on red blood cells |
| Rh factor | protein on red blood cells that also determines transfusions |
| lymphatic system | a network of veinlike vessels that returns the fluid to the bloodstream |
| lymph | the fluid that the lymphatic system collects and returns to the bloodstream; consists of water and dissolved materials (glucose, some white blood cells) |
| lymph node | a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease |
| respiratory functions | moves oxygen from outside environment into body; removes carbon dioxide and water from body |
| respiration | the process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions inside cells |
| breathing | momevent of air into and out of lungs |
| path of air | nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi |
| mucus | thick sticky liquid that moistens the air and keeps the lining from drying out; traps particles like dust |
| cilia | tiny hairlike extensions that move together in a sweeping motion; line nasal cavities; sweep mucus into throat |
| pharynx | throat; both part of respiratory system and digestive system |
| trachea | windpipe; lined with cilia and mucus |
| epiglottis | small flap of tissue that folds over trachea and seals of trachea while swallowing food |
| bronchi | the passages that direct air into the lungs |
| lungs | the main organs of the respiratory system |
| alveoli | tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood |
| gas exchange | after air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes through the wall of the alveolus and then through the capillary wall into the blood...carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli |
| pulmonary | "having to do with the lungs" |
| to absorb lots of oxygen | Why does alveoli have a large surface area? |
| diaphragm | large dome-saped muscle that plays important role in breathing |
| larynx | voice box; located in top part of trachea |
| vocal cords | folds of connective tissue that produce your voice; stretched across opening of larynx |
| atherosclerosis | a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of buildup of fatty materials; results in reduced flow of blood |
| heart attack | a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die |
| hypertension | high blood pressure; a disorder in which a person's blood pressure is consistently hihger than normal ( >140/90 ); makes heart work harder and may damage vessel walls; no clear symptoms |
| stroke | the death of brain tissue that can result when a blood vessel in the brain is either blocked by a clot or bursts; clot - block flow; burst - flood |
| tar, carbon monoxide, nicotine | What are the three most deadly chemicals in tobacco smoke? |
| tar | a dark, sticky substance that coats cilia making them clump together |
| carbon monoxide | a colorless, odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells taking the place of oxygen |
| nicotine | an addictive drug that increases heart rate and blood pressure |
| emphysema | a serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breathing difficulties; short of oxygen |
| bronchitis | an irritation of the breathing passages in which the small passages become narrower than normal and may be clogged with mucus |
| asthma | a disorder in which the airways in the lungs narrow significantly; causes wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath |
| suffocation | dangerous condition in which insufficient gas exchange in the lungs leads to a lack of oxygen in the vital organs |
| pneumonia | an infection that causes fluid to collect in the alveoli, decreasing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide |
| nervous functions | receives information about what is happening both inside and outside your body; directs the way in which your body responds to this information; helps maintain homeostasis |
| stimulus | any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react |
| response | what your body does in reaction to a stimulus |
| neurons | the cells that carry information through your nervous system; nerve cells |
| nerve impulse | the message that neuron carries |
| dendrite | a threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body |
| axon | a threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body |
| myelin sheath | increases speed of nerve impulse through the axon |
| Pre-Cambrian Time | What time did the first organisms live and begin using photosynthesis 3.5 billion years ago? |
| neurotransmitters | small chemicals that shuttle signals across gap; causes electrical impulse to travel easier |
| nerve | a bundle of nerve fibers (axons and dendrites) |
| sensory neuron | a neuron that picks up stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse |
| interneuron | a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another |
| motor neuron | a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, and the muscle or gland reacts in response |
| synapse | the junction where one neuron can transfer an impulse to another structure |
| central nervous system | control center of the body; consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | includes all the nerves located outside of the central nervous system (spinal nerves) |
| brain | the part of the CNS that controls most function in the body |
| spinal cord | the thick column of nervous tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the PNS; link between brain and PNS |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain that interprets input from the senses, controls movement, and carries out complex mental processes |
| right cerebrum | controls left side; creativity and artistic ability |
| left cerebrum | controls right side; mathematical, language, and logical thinking |
| cerebellum | second largest part of the brain that coordinates muscle action and balance |
| brain stem | controls body's involuntary actions (breathing, heartbeat) |
| somatic nervous system | part of PNS; controls voluntary actions |
| autonomic nervous system | part of PNS; controls involuntary actions |
| reflex | an automatic response that occurs very rapidly and without conscious control |
| concussion | a bruiselike injury of the brain; when brain tissue collides against skull |
| spinal cord injury | spinal cord gets cut or crushed; fail to carry impulses |
| cornea | the clear tissue that covers the front of the eye; transforms diverging rays into converging rays |
| pupil | the opening through which light enters the eye |
| iris | a circular structure that surrounds the pupil and regulates the amount of light entering the eye; ring of muscle that contracts and expands to change the size of the pupil |
| lens | flexible structure that focuses light |
| retina | a sheet of light-sensitive cells that lines the back of the eye; contains 130 million receptor cells |
| rod cells | receptor cells in the eye that work best in dim light and enable you to see black, white, and gray; contain pigment that responds to small amounts of light |
| cone cells | receptor cells in the eye that work lets in bright light and enable you to see color |
| optic nerve | the short, thick nerve in the eye through which rods and cones send electrical impulses to the brain |
| sound | produced by vibrations that travel as waves |
| ear canal | directs sound waves to middle ear |
| eardrum | aka tympanic membrane; vibrates when struck by sound waves |
| hammer | aka malleus; a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the anvil |
| anvil | aka incus; a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations from the hammer to the stirrup |
| stirrup | aka stapes; a small bone in the middle ear that transmits vibrations from the anvil to a membrane of the inner ear |
| labyrinth | a thin membrane that covers the opening of the inner ear |
| cochlea | a snail-shaped tube that is lined with receptor cells that respond to sound |
| semicircular canals | the structures in the ear that are responsible for your sense of balance |
| taste buds | organs on tongue that respond to chemicals in food |
| skin receptors | light touch/texture, pressure touch, temperature touch, pain touch |
| drug | any chemical taken into the body that causes changes in a person's body or behavior |
| drug abuse | the deliberate misuse of drugs for purposes other than medical ones |
| tolerance | a state in which a drug user needs larger and larger amounts of the drug to produce the same effect on the body |
| addiction | a condition in which the body becomes physically dependent on a drug |
| withdrawal | a period of adjustment that occurs when a person stops taking a drug on which the body is dependent |
| depressants | drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous system; muscles relax, sleepy (alcohol, narcotics) |
| stimulants | drugs that speed up body processes; make heart beat and breathe faster (cocaine, nicotine) |
| inhalants | substances that produce mood-altering effects |
| hallucinogens | substance that can make people see or hear things that do not really exist |
| steroids | can cause mood changes that lead to violence |
| alcohol abuse | can cause the destruction of cells in the brain and liver, or lead to alcoholism |
| alcoholism | a disease in which a person is both physically addicted to and emotionally dependent on alcohol |
| reflection | the bouncing back of an object or wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass |
| law of reflection | the law states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection |
| plane mirror | a flat sheet of glass that has a smooth, silver-colored coating on one side |
| image | a copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted rays of light |
| virtual image | an upright image that forms where light seems to come from |
| concave mirror | a mirror with a surface that curves inward like the inside of a bowl |
| optical axis | an imaginary line that divides a mirror in half |
| focal point | the point at which rays parallel to the optical axis meet or converge |
| closer | The more curved the mirror, the ______ the focal point is to the mirror. |
| real image | an upside-down image formed where rays of light meet |
| real | If an object is farther away from the concave mirror than the focal point, the reflected rays form a _______ image. |
| virtual | If an object is between the concave mirror and the focal point, the reflected rays form a _______ image. |
| convex mirror | a mirror with a surface that curves outward; forms a virtual and smaller image than object |
| refraction | the bending of waves as they enter a new medium at an angle |
| lens | a curved piece of glass or other transparent material that refracts light; forms image by refracting light rays that pass through it |
| convex lens | thicker in center than at edges |
| focal length | distance from lens to focal point |
| real | If the object is farther from the convex lens than the focal point, a _______ image forms on the other side. |
| virtual | If the object is between the convex lens and the focal point, a _______ image forms on the same side. |
| concave lens | thinner in center than at edges; produce only virtual and smaller images than object |
| nearsighted | able to see nearby objects clearly; too long, so lens focuses the image in front of the retine; correction needs concave lenses |
| farsighted | able to see distant objects clearly; too short, so image is out of focus; correction needs convex lens |
| wave | a disturbance that transfers energy from place to place |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| medium | the material through which a wave travels |
| mechanical waves | What are produced when a source of energy causes a medium to vibrate? |
| vibration | a repeated back-and-forth and up-and-down motion |
| crest | the high point of a wave |
| trough | the low point of a wave |
| amplitude | the maximum distance that the particles of the medium carrying the wave move away from their rest position |
| wavelength | the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave |
| frequency | the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time |
| hertz | frequency is measured in these units |
| speed | how far the wave travels in a given amount of time |
| electromagnetic wave | a type of wave that transfers electrical and magnetic energy; consists of vibrating electric and magnetic fields that move through space at the speed of light |
| electromagnetic radiation | the energy that is transfered through space by electromagnetic waves |
| electromagnetic spectrum | the complete range of electromagnetic waves placed in order of increasing frequency: radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and gamma rays |
| transparent | transmits most of the light that strikes it; particles absorb but reemit it until light passes through |
| translucent | scatters light as it passes through; details are blurred |
| opaque | reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it; can't see through it |
| reflects | The color of an opaque object is the color of the light it ________. |
| primary colors | three colors that can combine to make any other color |
| white | What color is produced when combining equal amounts of the three primary colors of light (red, blue, green)? |
| secondary colors | two primary colors combine in equal amounts to produce |
| complementary colors | any two colors that combine to form white light (a primary and a secondary color) |
| pigments | colored substances that are used to color other materials |
| black | What color is produced when combining equal amounts of the three primary colors of pigment (cyan, magenta, yellow)? |
| flower | reproductive structure of an angiosperm |
| angiosperm | a flowering plant |
| sepal | the small leaflike parts of a flower that protect the developing flower bud |
| petal | a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers |
| stamen | the male reproductive structure of flower |
| filament | the thin stalk of the stamen |
| anther | pollen is produced there, on the top of filament |
| pistil | female reproductive part of flower |
| stigma | sticky tip of pistil |
| style | a slender tube connecting stigma to ovary |
| ovary | a hollow structure at the base of the flower, which protects the seeds as they develop |
| pollination methods | wind, animal, insect |
| fruit | a ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one or more seeds |
| monocots | angiosperms that have only one seed leaf; multiple of three petals; vascular tissue bundles scattered randomly |
| dicots | produce seeds with two seed leaves; multiple of four or five petals; wide leaves, branching veins, vascular tissue rings |
| lab | work |
| cyt | cell |
| omni | all |
| oo | egg |
| itis | inflammation |
| sens | feel |
| di | two |
| hemi | half |
| gravi | heavy |
| pro | forward |
| aud | hear |
| geo | earth |
| hist | tissue |
| gon | angle or seed |
| gen | birth or race |
| bry | grow |
| aux | grow |
| mar | sea |
| gyn | women |
| leuk | white |
| archae | ancient |
| sect | cut |
| ocu | eye |
| paleo | old |
| morph | shape |
| multi | many |
| meso | middle |
| cule | small |
| derm | skin |
| gastr | stomach |
| hydr | water |
| frac | break |
| crat | rule |
| xyl | wood |
| cervic/cervix | neck |
| hom | human |
| osis | action or process |
| chlor | green |
| cerebr | brain |
| rhiz | root |
| ase | enzyme |
| phys | nature |
| mut | change |
| ten | stretch |
| equal | iso |
| semi | half |
| agri | field |
| astr | star |
| chron | time |
| luna | moon |
| bar | weight |
| blast | formative cell |
| decid | to fall off |
| fric | rub |
| gymn | naked |
| cosmo | universe |
| cycl | circle |
| ecol | house |
| vor | eat |
| tropi | turn |
| absorb | to take in |
| axon tip | tip of an axon; uses chemical messengers to pass impulse to next cell |
| transmission | the passing of light through matter |
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