Tatsch Vocab for Final
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69 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Newton | Law of Universal Gravitation; Unit of Force named after him |
| Kepler | found laws of planetary motion |
| Hooke | found law of F=kx for springs |
| Doppler | found relationship of observed frequency when objects move relative to each other |
| work | F x d : F must be parallel to d |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| elastic potential energy | the energy of stretched or compressed spring |
| gravitational potential energy | energy stored in gravitational field |
| mechanical energy | the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy; potential or kinetic energy |
| power | the rate at which work is done |
| conservation of energy | mechanical energy cannot be created or destroyed; it changes form from kinetic to potential and back |
| momentum | a quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object; mass x velocity |
| impulse | the product of the force and the time over which the force acts on an object; Ft which is also equal to change in momentum |
| conservation of momentum | the total momentum is not changed in collision |
| elastic collision | objects bounce off each other; Kinetic energy is conserved |
| inelastic collision | objects stick together; kinetic energy is not conserved |
| centripetal force | the net force toward the center; force causing change in direction no change in speed |
| centripetal acceleration | acceleration directed toward the center |
| critical speed | the minimum speed an object can go to get over top of a vertical circle |
| Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation | any two masses attract each other depending on how big the masses are and how far they are from each other |
| Kepler's law | planets travel in ellipses; velocity of planet is larger when planet is closer to the sun |
| Torque | a force that causes the object to rotate; force x lever arm |
| lever arm | the perpendicular distance from the force to center of rotation |
| moment arm | another name for lever arm |
| rotational equilibrium | when net torque is 0; balanced torque; no rotation |
| translational equilibrium | balanced forces; when net force is 0; no acceleration |
| simple harmonic motion | periodic motion caused by restoring force which is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium |
| restoring force | force directed toward equilibrium location |
| Hooke's Law | The restoring force is proportional to displacement; F=-kx |
| pendulum | consists of a mass called a 'bob' on a fixed string of negligible mass; simple harmonic motion for small angles |
| mechanical waves | waves requiring a medium (ex: sound, water, etc.) |
| pulse wave | consists of one traveling pulse (non-periodic); one time; single disturbance in medium |
| periodic wave | wave whose source is some form of periodic motion; on going; periodic disturbance in medium |
| crest | highest point of a wave |
| trough | lowest point of a wave |
| wave speed | distance a wave pulse travels in a second |
| wavelength | distance waves travel in one cycle (or distance from crest to crest) |
| frequency | number of waves that pass a given point per second; the number of cycles in a unit of time; how many waves travel across a point each second |
| amplitude | maximum displacement of medium from equilibrium |
| period | the time it takes for one complete cycle of motion; the amount of time for one wave to pass |
| transverse wave | vibrates perpendicular to wave motion |
| longitudinal wave | vibrates parallel to wave motion |
| constructive interference | crest meets crest and amplitudes are added; when 2 waves at same time and place have combined amplitude less than their original amplitudes |
| destructive interference | crest meets trough and amplitudes are subtracted; when 2 waves at same time and place have combined amplitude greater than their original amplitudes |
| hertz | measurement of frequency |
| natural frequency | the frequency an object vibrates when disturbed |
| forced vibration | frequency and object vibrates at when in contact with a vibrating object |
| resonance | occurs when the forced vibration matches the object's natural frequency, causing a dramatic increase in amplitude of the wave; when forced frequency is same as natural frequency. Large amplitude results |
| pitch | our impression of the frequency of sound either high or low |
| intensity | loudness of sound |
| relative intensity | how we perceive loudness; measured in decibels |
| decibel | measurement of relative intensity; for each 10 decibels increase, intensity increases by a power of 10 |
| Doppler effect | an observed change in frequency when there is relative motion between the source of waves and an observer; shift in frequency of sound observed due to relative motion of observer and source |
| Coulomb | experiments in electricity led him to discover the electric force law . Unit of charge is named after him |
| Franklin | named the two different kinds of electric charge positive and negative |
| JJ Thompson | discovered the election and determined its charge by finding the smallest charge that could be isolated |
| Rutherford | discovered the proton and used particle scattering experiments |
| Chadwick | discover the neutron |
| static electricity | electricity due to not moving charges; created by getting excess electrons or too few electrons "stuck" on an object |
| quantized | electrons and protons have a fixed amount of charge called the fundamental charge. the charge occurs as integer multiples of this fundamental charge |
| charging by rubbing | friction; creates static electricity; free moving electrons can be "rubbed off" of one object and on to another; when 2 objects are rubbed together one object can give up electrons to the other object, leaving one object positively charged and the other object negatively charged |
| charging by contact | when a charged object is touched to a conductor, some of the excess charge will flow onto the conductor leaving it charged |
| changing by induction | process of charging a conductor by bringing it near another charged object and grounding the conductor |
| polarization | when the positive and negative charges in a molecule shift, resulting in more positives on one side than the other |
| conductor | material in which electrons move freely (ex: copper, aluminum, most metals) |
| insulator | material in which elections can NOT move freely (glass, silk, plastic, etc) |
| semiconductor | only conducts electricity under certain circumstances (ex: silicon) |
| electroscope | uses metal leaves suspended on a metal post. When charged the leaves separate since both leaves are charged the same way and they therefore repel each other |
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