1.
2 categories of bacteria: eubacteria
archaebacteria
2.
3 groups according to shape: cocci
bacilli
spirals
3.
3 groups of sprials: vibrios - comma shaped
spirillum - RIGID, corkscrew, 2 or more curves
spirochetes - FLEXIBLE, 2 or more curves, wavy, move by flexing bodies
4.
acellular
TEST QUESTION: lacking a complete cell structure
5.
acidophiles: acid loving
6.
agar: produced by red algae
lipopolysaccharide
thickener
developed to mimic tissue
7.
Alexander Fleming
TEST QUESTION: discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin)
produced by mold that contaminated bacterial culture plate
led to discovery of other fungi that secreted antibacterial substances (antibiotics)
8.
Animal Kingdom
TEST QUESTION: eukaryote, multicellular, ingestive
9.
antagonist: blocking effect
10.
antagonistic effect
TEST QUESTION: prevents invasion pathogens or over growth of potential pathogens
11.
anthrax: first bacterium that caused a disease
12.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
TEST QUESTION: used simple instrument to examine stagnant H2O, etc.
observed microscopic organisms - called then "animalcules"
submitted detailed descriptions and drawings to the Royal Society of London
Question raised - where did they originate?
13.
archaebacteria: "ancient" (primitive) bacteria
14.
bacilli (bacillus): elongated, cylindrical, rod-like
15.
bacteria: simple, single cell
bacteriology
16.
bacterial morphology: study of structure, appearance
colony morphology - growth chars.
microscopic morphology - cell chars.
17.
Before microorganisms were observed: there were only two kingdoms; animal & plant
18.
beneficial metabolic functions of normal flora: e. coli in colon aids to break down lactose
normal flora on skin
19.
binomial nomenclature: Genus species
underline or italicize
20.
chemotherapy: treatment of disease with chemical compounds
21.
circular process to organic approach
TEST QUESTION: immune to antibiotics from overuse
22.
classification: arranging organisms into related groups
23.
cocci (coccus): spherical, oval, egg
24.
colony: clump of organisms growing on surface of solid medium
descendants of a single cell
vary in appearance - characteristic of a genus
25.
colony morphology: shape, size
margin (outline of colony)
elevation
surface texture
light transmitting property (color)
consistency
26.
Edward Jenner
TEST QUESTION: Developed small pox vaccination
used fluids from cow pox (vaccinia) lesions
27.
environmental importance of microbes: decomposers
produce oxygen
food chain
sewage treatment
28.
epidemiology
TEST QUESTION: study of spread of disease
29.
etiology: identification of causative agent of disease
30.
eubacteria: true bacteria
31.
Eukaryote - cell membranes contain
TEST QUESTION: complex lipids - sterols
32.
eukaryote - cytoplasmic streaming: continuous movement of cytoplasm
33.
Eukaryote - histone
TEST QUESTION: membrane bound protein
34.
Eukaryote - nucleolus TEST QUESTION: sites of ribosome synthesis
35.
eukaryote - organelles: have specific function
36.
Eukaryote - True nucleus: nuclear material surrounded by nuclear membrane
nuclear material organized into paired chromosomes
DNA associated with proteins called histones
nucleus contains nucleolus
37.
eukaryote cell walls: occur only on plant cells, fungi
composed of cellulose, chitin
38.
eukaryote division occurs by: mitosis & meiosis
39.
eukaryotic: true nucleus
more complex
anything other than bacteria
40.
example of strain: E. coli
E. coli 0157:H7
41.
examples of eukaryotes: fungi, protozoa, algae, worms
42.
examples of prokaryote: bacteria
43.
Francis Redi
TEST QUESTION: performed experiments that disproved theory of spontaneous generation for more complex forms of life
44.
fungi: single and multi cell forms
yeast (single cell), filamentous molds, complex fungi (mushrooms)
mycology
45.
Fungi Kingdom
TEST QUESTION: eukaryotic, unicellular & multicellular, absorptive
46.
Golden Age of Microbiology: about 50 years of rapid development
causes of diseases identified, control methods developed, work began on viruses
47.
halophiles: salt loving
48.
if you see strain designated: indicates virulence & severity
49.
immunology: study of immune system
50.
industrial importance: food industry
brewing industry
pharamceutical industry
genetic engineering
51.
industrial importance of food industry
TEST QUESTION: lactobacillus (genus)
intermedius (species)
- used for development of mannitol (sugar alcohol)
acidophillus (species)
- used in dairy products
-probiotic
52.
infection control: control of spread of infectious disease
53.
intracellular parasites: will take over entire cell instead of just taking portion that is needed
54.
It took _____ years after Redi's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation: 200
55.
John Needham
TEST QUESTION: physician
did not believe in SG
performed experiments similar to Redi's
introduced the first culture medium for microbial growth
56.
Joseph Lister
TEST QUESTION: introduced "antiseptic technique"
used phenol (carbolic acid) as disinfectant
57.
Koch's Postulates
TEST QUESTION: concept that a disease is CAUSED by a single organism
58.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
TEST QUESTION: repeated Needham's experiments but boiled broth after placing it in the flasks and sealed flasks by melting the necks
59.
Leeuwenhoek: invented the microscope
60.
longer the neck of a bottle: less chance of contamination
61.
Louis Pasteur
TEST QUESTION: performed experiments to disprove SG theory
credited with disproof of SG theory
62.
malaria
TEST QUESTION: leading cause of death worldwide
63.
mannitol
TEST QUESTION: diabetic friendly sweetener
laxative effect in excess
vasodilator & diueretic in pharm.
64.
mannitol is a sugar alcohol by product made with
TEST QUESTION: lactobacillus intermedius
65.
Martinus Beijerinck
TEST QUESTION: discovered filterable agents called "viruses" (latin for toxins, poisons)
infectious agents in tobacco plant fluids
assumed soluble toxin in filtrate caused disease
66.
microbiology: study of microscopic organisms
67.
microscopic morphology: size
shape
arrangement
cell structure
68.
Mycology
TEST QUESTION: study of fungi
69.
Name may give clues about bacteria: size
shape
arrangment
color
habitat
nutritional requirements
disease
researcher
70.
Needham's experiment: broth was put in flasks, some were sealed with corks, some were not
results were inconsistent with Redi - all flasks became cloudy
71.
Needham's infusion broth: prepared by boiling meat, grain, etc. to extract nutrients
72.
normal flora
TEST QUESTION: microorganisms that live in or on the body without producing harm
73.
only having two kingdoms: did not work for microorganisms
74.
only spiral capable of movement?
TEST QUESTION: spirochete
75.
Order of classification
TEST QUESTION: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
76.
Outcome of Spallanzani's experiments: the occasional sealed flask was cloudy
not accepted because heating destroyed & degraded the "vital force"
77.
Pasteur's additional work: 1. pasteurization (to prevent spolage of wine)
2. introduced "Germ Theory of Disease" after discovering silk worm disease caused by protozoan
3. developed Pasteur treatment for preventing rabies using dried spinal cord from infected dogs
78.
Pasteur's experiments: filtered air through cotton plug & placed plug in infusion broth
Broth becaume cloudy (organisms present in the air)
placed boiled infusion broths in "swan-necked" flasks
flasks remained sterile unless tilted or neck broke
79.
Pasteur's Germ Theory of Disease
TEST QUESTION: stated a correlation, NOT a causation
80.
pasteurization: heating a liquid to a certain temperature for a certain amount of time
81.
pathogen
TEST QUESTION: disease causing agent
82.
Paul Ehrlich
TEST QUESTION: introduced concept of chemotherapy
use of salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis
83.
penicillin was discovered in: 1928
84.
phycology
TEST QUESTION: study of algae
85.
phylogenic
TEST QUESTION: evolutionary
86.
Plant kingdom
TEST QUESTION: eukaryote, multicellular, photosynthetic
87.
probiotic
TEST QUESTION: putting normal flora back into system
88.
processes and functions of microbes: metabolism, genetics, ecology
89.
Prokaryotae
TEST QUESTION: prokaryotes, unicellular, absorptive
90.
prokaryote: bacteria
91.
prokaryote division
TEST QUESTION: by binary fission
all cells are clones (genetic copies)
92.
prokaryotes have cell walls TEST QUESTION: composed of peptidoglycan (murein)
93.
prokaryotic: pre-nucleus
simpler, smaller
bacteria
94.
prokaryotic: opposite of eukaryote
95.
Protista Kingdom
TEST QUESTION: eukaryotic, unicellular (few multicellular), absorptive, ingestive, photosynthetic
96.
protists: single cell, some mutlicellular
algae, protozoans (amoebas), slime molds
protozoology
97.
Reason for inconclusiveness in Needham's experiment: organisms in air or flasks, improper seal
98.
Redi's experiments: jars containing meat; some were covered, some were not
maggots appeared in uncovered jars
results were not accepted for microscopic organisms
introduced experimental procedure for disproof of SG
99.
Research of genetics & metabolism includes: simple cell structure
rapid rate of growth
inexpensive to culture
100.
Robert Koch
TEST QUESTION: studied anthrax (cattle disease)
identified bacterium as cause of anthrax
introduced "solid medium" using agar
observed differences in colony morphology
introduced inoculating loop to transfer bacteria & prepare pure cultures
101.
Spallanzani's results _____: were more consistent with Redi's
102.
spirals: curved rods
vary in diameter, length
103.
strains: indicated with numbers, letters
slight variations, but not enough difference to justify giving an organism different species name
104.
syphilis: caused by treponema pallidum
105.
system introduced
TEST QUESTION: phylogenic system based on evolutionary relationships and structural characteristics
106.
System of classification based on:: type of cell (eukaryote/prokaryote)
structure
mode of nutrition/ metabolism
structure of DNA
107.
taxonomy: study of classification
108.
Theory of spontaneous generation
TEST QUESTION: this theory existed to explain the origin of some forms of life
living organisms arose "spontaneously" from nonliving, decaying organic matter
believed to explain origin of "animalcules"
if you could see parents reproducing, SG did not apply
109.
thermophiles: heat loving
110.
turbidity
TEST QUESTION: cloudiness
eyeball measurment of cell density
more turbidity = more cells
indicated growth in Needham's infusion broth
111.
two cell types: eukaryotic
prokaryotic
112.
virulence: severe
113.
viruses: acellular, intracellular parasites
virology
114.
viruses: not really in any kingdom
115.
Viruses are: neither
acellular
116.
worms: multicellular, more complex
117.
yeast
TEST QUESTION: single celled fungi
