AP European History Review Flashcards
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Created by:
vonnie1121 on June 1, 2011
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I hope this flash card can help you guys to study for AP European History Exam. Good Luck! :D
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Humanism | A secular conception of life adopted during the Renaissance that emphasized individualism. |
| Inquisition | A Church court that was cigilant in enforcing religious uniformity. |
| Mysticism | The Northern Renaissance religious way of thinking, which said that individuals could commune with God without the Church. |
| New Monarchs (Tudors) | Powerful ruling families who politically united large parts of Northern Europe. Henry VII became the first Tudor monarch of England in 1458 after the War of the Roses, passing laws against "livery and maintenance." |
| New Monarchs (Valois) | The Valois monarchy of France established control of most of the countryside in the 1400s. The french king could tax his subjects without parliamentary consent and appoint bishops and abbots. |
| New Monarchs (Habsburg) | The Habsburgs, the powerful ruling family of Spain, controlled the Low countries and much of Central Europe, including Austria. |
| Oligarchies | Committees of the wealthy and powerful members of society who ruled the Italian city-states. |
| The Prince | This 1513 book, written by Niccolo Machiavelli, described what effective rulers did to get what they wanted. Machiavelli saw the great political failures of the Italian city-states and admired the rising new monarchies of Northern Europe. |
| Thomas More, Utopia | An English scholar who described an ideal society in which the goal for all inhavitants was to develop their rational faculties. Material possessions had no value, and adults divided their time between manual labor and study. |
| Absenteeism | Rarely or never residing in the area where one had a position. |
| Edict of Nantes | To protect the Hugenots, King Henry permitted Protestants to maintain their own fortifications and armed men, hold services, and operate schools in some town. |
| John Hus | An outspoken German critic of the Church who condemned the worldiness of Church figures in the 1300s. |
| John Wycliffe | An English scholar and outspoken critic of the Church who insisted on salvation by faith alone. |
| Nepotism | One of the abuses of the Church, which included giving lucrative church jobs to one's children or other relatives. |
| Pluralism | Having more than one church position and hiring a poor parish priest to serve in the less desirable office. |
| Oliver Cromwell | The military leader of the Puritans who combined forces into the "New Model Army." His army defeated the king's supporters and eventually captured King Charles. |
| Peace of Augsburg | Treaty that ended the dispute between Lutherans and Catholics in the German states. |
| Peace of Westphalia | Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War. |
| Roundheads versus Cavaliers | Nicknames given to the Cromwell-led Puritans and the Charles I-led Anglicans. The Puritan roundheads defeated the Anglican Cavaliers in 1649. |
| Salvation | To be saved from the punishment of suffering and sin. |
| Society of Jesus or Jesuits | Founded by the Spaniard Ignatius Loyola, this order grew rapidly into the "militant" arm of the Church, carrying Christianity to remote Spanish Colonies, operating schools, and advising monarchs. |
| Unitarianism | A Protestant movement whose core belief was that God existed as the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. |
| Creoles | American-born whites in the 1500s. |
| Encomiendas | Large Spanish plantations in the Americans run by Indian slave labor. |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas, a prominent Indian tribe in present-day Peru. |
| Hernando Cortez | The first of the Spanish conquistadors, who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. |
| Mestizos | A person born of mixed Indian and Spanish ethnicity. Mestizos adopted the Spanish language and religion. |
| Mercantilism | A type of economy based on importing less and exporting more, using colonies to provide raw materials, and guarding trade secrets. It focused on accumulating gold and silver. |
| Smallpox | European disease that allowed Spanish soldiers to conquer thousands of Stone Age natives. |
| Absolutism | The theory held by most of the rulers of the European states who established themselves as absolute monarchs, which advocated taking control over taxation, the miliary, and religion. |
| Divine right | The theory that kings ruled by the will of God. |
| The Fronde | The nickname of the 1648 revolt in which the refractory nobility attempted to overthrow Jules Mazarin and give control to the nobility. |
| Laissez-faire | The concept of letting the economy move freely in its own way, without tariffs or other regulatory controls. |
| Seven Years War | A conflict between the British and French over outposts in India. |
| Liberalism | A product of the Enlightenment made up of liberal-minded people who were well-educated memebers of the upper middle class, often professionals. They believed in constitutions and representative government that protected such human rights as freedom of expression, religion, and equality. |
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