| Term | Definition |
|---|
| intravenous injection | which route of drug administration is the risk of overdose greatest |
| it is difficult to regulate dose | Why is inhalation rarely used for administration of drugs for medicinal purposes |
| conditioned drug tolerance | Which of the following might explain why overdoses typically occur in novel environments? |
| alcohol | What attacks almost every tissue in the body? |
| cocaine | What creates a psychotic state that might be mistakenly diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia? |
| diarrhea | Opiates are extremely effective in the treatment of |
| the mesocorticolimbic pathway | What is most frequently implicated in the rewarding effects of brain stimulation, natural rewards and addictive drugs? |
| dopamine; nucleus accumbens | Both addictive drugs and the experience of natural reinforcers are associated with an increase of _________ in the _________. |
| cirrhosis of the liver | What is the major cause of death among heavy alcohol users? |
| drug exposure leads to a reduction in the number of receptors for the drug | What is an example of functional tolerance? |
| True | About 70% of all people who experiment with smoking become addicted. |
| True | Research suggests that tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced. |
| False | Physical dependence is the major cause of addiction |
| False | THC influences the brain by inserting itself directly into neural membranes. |
| True | According to the incentive-sensitization theory, anticipated pleasure maintains drug taking. |
| False | Degeneration of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system in seen in Parkinson's disease |
| oral | route is the preferred route of administration for many drugs |
| subcutaneously | goes into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin |
| intramuscularly | goes into large muscles |
| intravenously | directly into veins at points where they run just beneath the skin |
| intraveneous | addicts prefer what method of injection because the bloodstream delivers the drug directly to the brain. |
| scar tissue | many addicts develop _____________infections, or collapsed veins at the few sites where there are large accessible veins. |
| capillaries | some drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream throug the rich network of ______in the lungs |
| tobacoo, marijuana | many anesthetics are administered through inhalation, as well as _______and __________. |
| mucous | some drugs may be administered through ________membrane of the nose, mouth, or rectum. |
| cocain | commonly self-administrered through nasal membrane (snorted), but not without damaging them |
| CNS | once a drug enteres the blood streamis carried in the blood to the vessels of the_____ |
| blood-brain barrier | there is a protective filter called the ______________that makes it difficult for many potentially dangerous blood-borne chemicals to pass from the blood vessesl fo the CNS into its neurons. |
| drug metabolism | the conversion of active drugs to non-active forms |
| drug tolerance | a state of decreased sensiitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it. |
| cross tolerance | exposure to one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism known as |
| metabolic tolerance | results from changes that reduce the amount of the drug getting to its sites of action to the drug |
| functional tolerance | results from changes that reduce the reactivity of the sites of action to the drug |
| withdrawal syndrome | the illness brougth on by the elimination of a drug from the body of which the person is physically dependent |
| addicts | are habitual drug users who continue to use a drug despite its adverse effects on their helath and social life and despite their repeated efforts to stop using it |
| psychological dependence | said to be the cause of any compulsive drug taking that occurred in the absence of physical dependence |
| learning | It plays a major role in both drug tolerance and drug withdrawal |
| contingent drug tolerance | refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced |
| conditioned drug tolerance | this focuses on the situations in which drugs are taken, and it refers to demonstratons that tolerance effects are maximally expressed in the same situation in whcih it has previously been administered |
| situational specificity of drug tolerance | that addicts may be susceptible to the lethal effets of a drug overdose when a drug is administered ina new context (Siegel) |
| same | addicts become tolerant whenthey repeatedly self administer their drug in the ______environment, thus they begin to take larger doese to counteract the diminutionof drug effects. |
| unusual | if the addict administers the massive dose in an __________situation, tolerance levels are not present to counteract the effects of the drug, and there is a greater risk of death from overdose |
| conditioned compensatory response | the theory is that the stimuli that repeatedly predict the effects of a drug come to elicit greater and greater ____________, they increasingly counteract the unconditional effects of the drug and produce situationally specific tolerance. |
| sensitization | although tolerance develops to manydrug effects, sometimes the opposite occurs called_______ |
| conditioned withdrawal | withdrawal effects that are elicited by the drug environment or by other drug associated cues are ___________ effects. |
| detoxified addicts | those addicts who have no drugs in their bodies and who are no longer experiencing withdrawal symptoms |
| amphetamines | some highly addictive drugs such as _____________ and cocaine do not produce severe withdrawal stress. |
| relapse | occurs when addicts start taking the drugs again, that they had stopped using. |
| nonsmokers | often respon to a few puffs of a cigarete with various combinations of nausea, vomiting, coughing, sweating, abdominal cramps, dizziness, flushing, and diarrhea |
| smokes | report that they are more relaxed, more alert, and less hungry after a cigarette |
| 70 | % of people who experiment with smoking become addicts |
| 10 | % of people who experiment with alcohol become addicts |
| 30 | % of people who experiment with heroin become addicts |
| 20 | % of people attempt to stop are successful for 2 years of more |
| smoker's syndrome | consequences: chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, and high susceptibility to respiratory tract infections. |
| chronic smokers | are susceptible to lethal lung disorders: pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema & lung cancer |
| tension | many smokers clainthat they smoke despite adverse effects because smoking reduces |
| Buerger's disease | is a condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream |
| alcohol | is involved inroughly 3% of all deaths inthe U.S. including deaths from birth defects, ill health, accidents, and violence |
| alcohol | is classified as a depressant because at moderate-to-high doses it depresses neural firing. |
| moderate | with ______ doses, alcohol drinker expereinces various degrees of cognitive, perceptual, verbal, and motor impairment, as well as a loss of control that can lead to a variety of socially unacceptable actions |
| high | doses results in unconcsiousness; and if blood levels reach 0.5%, there is a risk of death from respiratory depression |
| dilation | the telltale red facial flush of alcohol intoxication is produced by the ________ of blood vessels in the skin |
| diuretic | alcohol is also a _________: increases the production of urine in the kidneys |
| metabolize | the livers of heavy drinkers _________ alcohol more quicklythendo the livers of nondrinkers |
| alcohol withdrawal | often proces a mils syndrome of headache, nausea, vomiting, and tremulousness |
| hangover | tremulousness |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | a neuropsychological disorder that is characterized by severe memoy loss, sensory and motor dysfunction, and severe dementia |
| cirrhosis | extensive scarring of the liver, which is themajor causes of death among heavy alcohol users. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | the result is that the offspring of mothers who consume substantial quantitiesof alcohol during pregnancy |
| marijuana | normally consumed smoked in joint or a pipe |
| THC | the psychoactive effects of marijuana are largely attributed to a constituent called |
| cannabinoids | chemicals of the same chemical class as THC |
| 80 | marijuana contains over _____cannabinoids, which may also be psychoactive |
| hashish | most of the cannabinoids foudn in a sticky resin covering the leaves and flowers of the plant, which canbe extracted and dried to form a dark corklike material |
| opiates | the sap that exudes from the seeds of the opium poppy--has several psychoactive ingredients--most notable: morphine and codeine |
| Harrison Narcotics Acts (1914) | made it illegal to sell or use opium, morphine, or cocaine in the US. |
| heroin rush | a wave of intense abdominal,orgasmic pleasure that evolves into a star of serrence, drowsy euphoira. |
| opiate tolerance | encourages addicts to progess to higher doses, to morepotent durgs, and to more direct routs of administration and physical depencece adds to the already high motivation to the the drug |
| increase | first withdrawal sign is typically an _______-in restlessness--addict begins to pace and fidget |
| death overdose | risk any time addicitive drugs are routinely administered via the intravenous route |
| buprenorphine | has a high and long-lasting affinity for opiate receptors and thus blocks the effects on the brain of other opiates, without producing powerful euphoria |
| physical dependence | it traps addicts in a vicious cycle of drug taking and withdrawal symptoms |
| positive-incentive | primarily to obtain the drug's positive effect |
| cocaine psychosis | results commonly include: sleeplessness, tremors, nausea, hyperthermia, and psychotic behavior, similar to paranoid schizophrenia |
| dopaminergic | its effects on _________transmision seem to play a major role in mediating its euphoria-inducing effects. |
| amphetamine (spped) | usually consumed orally in potent form detroamphetamine, |
| amphetamine psychosis | effects are comparable to those of cocaine, produces a syndrome of psychosis |
| methamphetamines (meth) | is commonly used in its even more potent, smokable cystalline from (ice or crystal) |
| MDMA (ecstasy) | taken orally, used in "rave" culture and interacts with adverse consequences of overexercise on the dance floor,leading to dehydration, exhaustion, muscle breakdown, overheating and convulsions |
| detoxification | the pattern of drug taking sypicallydisplyed bymany addicts involves alternating between cycles of binges and |
| relapse | occurs when addicts start taking the drugs again, they they had stopped using |
| stress | major factor in relapse |
| priming | a single exposure to the formerly abused drug |
| exposure to environmental cues | (e.g., people, times, places, or objects) that were previously associatedwith drug taking |
| pleasure centers | the brain sites capable of mediating this phenomenon are known as |
| intracranial self-stimulation | occurs whenbrief bursts of weak electrical stimulation is self-administered to the brain by rats, humans, or other species |
| ICSS | was initially used for mapping the neural circuits that mediate the experience of pleasure |
| mesontelencephalic dopamine | is a system of dopaminerfetic neurons that projects fromthe midbrain into various regions of the telecephalon |
| drug self-administration | laboratory rat or primate presses a lever to inject drugs into themselves through implanted tubes |
| conditioned place preference | rats repeatedly receive a drug ino ne compartment of a two-compartment box. the drug-free rat is then placed back in the box and the time is spends inthe dug compartment as opposed tothe drug-fee comparment is measured |
| microinjection | goes into the nucleus accumbens produced a conditioned place preference for the compartment in which the drugs were administered. |
| nucleus accumbens | lab animals self-administered injections of addictive drugs directly into the ______________ |
| lesions | to the nucleus accumbens blocked the self-administration of drugs into the general circulationor the developmento f drug-associated conditioned place preferences. |
| dopamine transporters | are molecules in the presynaotic membrane of dopaminergenic neurons that attract dopamine molecules in the synaptic cleft and deposit them back insidethe neuron |
| brain imaging | studies that have also indicated that the nucleus accumbens plays an important role in mediating the rewarding effectsof addictive behavior. |
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