Microbiology Final
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268 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sterilization | destruction of all forms of life, including resistant stages (ex. Endospore in bacteria) |
| Disinfection | destruction of harmful microorganisms,vegetative pathogens (often associated with inanimate objects, ex. table tops) |
| Antiseptic | destruction of harmful microorganisms on living tissue |
| Sanitization | "to clean," lowering the microbial count to safe levels |
| -cide | means to kill, ex. microbiocide |
| stasis, -stat | to stop, ex. A microbiostatic agent inhibits microbial growth-hemostasis |
| Sepsis | poison, harmful to tissues |
| Heat | denatures protein |
| Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) | The time, in minutes, it takes to kill 90% of a population of bacteria at a given temperature. |
| Autoclave (Moist Heat) | preferred method of sterilization, steam under pressure,must account for altitude changes (ex. 15 psi @ 121 C ) |
| Pasteurization (Moist Heat) | using heat to kill pathogens and reduce spoilage in liquids,without effecting taste |
| High Temperature Short Time = HTST (Pasteuirization/Moist Heat) | heat medium to 72 C for 15 sec |
| Ultra High Temperature = UHT (Pasteuirization/Moist Heat) | heat medium to 140 C for 3 sec.(allows for storage without refrigeration) |
| Oven (Dry Heat) | heating for 2 hours at 170 C usually ensures sterilization |
| Flame (Dry Heat) | incineration, (can spread spores when done commercially) |
| Filtration | used on liquid or gas,can be used on heat sensitive material,many can screen viruses and bacteria,the pores in the filters only allow molecules of a certain size through (ex. cellulose filters pore sizes can be predetermined) |
| Freezing | most bacteria are in stasis around 4 C, slow freezing is more bacteriocidal, allowing ice crystals to form which disrupts cell membranes (not a sterilization procedure) |
| Desiccation | removing water,freeze drying - ex. salting (based on osmotic pressure differences), |
| Ionizing (Radiation) | forms free radicals out of water, and can cause mutations,highly penitrant, a sterilant when performed properly (used on plastic, medical supplies, food) |
| Non-ionizing (Radiation) | not very penitrant, damages DNA, causes Thymine dimers (used on surfaces like in an operating room) |
| Microwaves | kills by raising the temperature (heating is not consistent) |
| Use-dilution Test (Phenol Coeffecient Test) | A means of determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant or antiseptic. (Compares the effectiveness of a disinfectant to phenol) |
| Phenol | first used as a surgical antiseptic (Lister) (irritates skin, has a bad odor) |
| Phenolics | chemical derivatives of Phenol ex. Cresols - mouthwash (Cepacol) |
| Bisphenol | Hexachlorophene, a surgical scrub (chemical derivative of Phenol) |
| Biguanide | Chlorhexadine (chemical derivative of Phenol) |
| Halogens | chlorine, iodine, (bromine) - thought to denature protein, binds to enzymes |
| Chlorine bleach (Halogen) | used as a disinfectant (in lab), reduces the shelf life of organic material like clothing and other material |
| inorganic Iodine (Halogen) | tincture |
| organic Iodine (Halogen) | Iodophor (Iodine bearing), ex. Betadine |
| Bromine (Halogen) | used in water treatment to replace chlorine, less damaging to organic based material (ex. swimming pool) |
| Alcohol | denatures protein, dissolves lipids, dehydrates cells not effective against viruses and spores often used as a dissolving agent for other chemical compounds to increase their effectiveness |
| Heavy metals | (copper, silver, mercury, zinc),denature protein used to make various organic and inorganic compounds |
| silver nitrate drops (Silver) | used to treat ophthalmic neonatorum (gonorrhea in the eyes obtained in the birth canal) |
| silver sulfadiazine (Silver) | a silver/ antibiotic ointment often used to treat burns |
| Mercurochrome (Mercury) | an antiseptic |
| Surface Active Agents (Surfactant) | decreases the surface tension of liquids, which aids in the removal of microorganisms (detergents and soaps) |
| Quaternary Ammonium Salts (QUATS) | effects the plasma membrane by changing the permeability (ex. Zepheran) |
| Aldehydes | cross link to proteins, which deactivates the protein (ex. formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde) |
| Ethylene Oxide (Gaseous Chemosterilizer) | requires prolonged exposure, very penitrant,gas is toxic used to sterilize larger items like bedding, surgical implants |
| Koch's Postulate (1) | A specific microorganism must be present with a specific disease. |
| Koch's Postulate (2) | The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. |
| Koch's Postulate (3) | The same disease must result when the microorganismis introduced into a healthy host. |
| Koch's Postulate (4) | The microorganism must be re-isolated. (proof of the link between a specific organism and a specific disease) |
| Eukaryotic Cells | larger than prokaryotes,has a distinct nucleus,general range of sizes 10 to 100 um |
| Plasma membrane (eukaryotes) | lipid bilayer (contains sterols which help provide stability) |
| Nucleus (eukaryotes) | contains one to many chromosomes (surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope) |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (eukaryotes) | membrane is continuous with nuclear membrane, contains ribosomes, area of production and modification of proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (eukaryotes) | membrane does not contain ribosomes (synthesizes and modifies lipids) |
| Ribosomes (eukaryotes) | can be found as part of RER or free in the cytoplasm (sites of protein synthesis) |
| Golgi Complex (eukaryotes) | membrane bound organelle modifies & prepares proteins for transportation or storage |
| Lysosome (eukaryotes) | intracellular inclusion, contains digestive enzymes |
| Mitochondria (eukaryotes) | membrane bound organelle, involved with cell respiration,contains DNA, & replicate independently |
| Chloroplast (eukaryotes) | membrane bound organelle, contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis, contains DNA, & replicate independently |
| Prokaryotic Cells | a cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane, common range of size is between 0.2 to 18 um |
| Glycocaylx (Capsule/Slime layer) (prokaryotes) | gelatinous material on the outer surface of some bacteria made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides protects bacteria from phagocytosis helps bacteria adhere to surfaces & prevents dehydration |
| Flagella (prokaryotes) | provide motility (not all bacteria have these) a flagellated bacteria can have one (monotrichous) to many |
| Filament (prokaryotes) | portion that extends beyond the cell wall, contains a helical protein called flagellin that allows for motility, the core is hollow |
| Hook (prokaryotes) | attaches filament to bacterium |
| Basal body (prokaryotes) | attachment to the cell, spans the cell wall and cell membrane |
| Fimbria (prokaryotes) | Appendages not used for movement...cause bacteria to "stick" to surfaces |
| Pili /Sex Pilus (prokaryotes) | help join bacteria so they can transfer DNA (plasmids) |
| Cell Wall (prokaryotes) | A semirigid, permeable structure external to the plasma membrane; resist rupturing, point of attack for antibitics |
| Nucleoid (prokaryotes) | region or prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; not bounded by nuclear envelope, no histones present |
| Ribosomes (prokaryotes) | site of protein synthesis, smaller & simpler |
| Inclusions (prokaryotes) | Substances that are stored inside a cell |
| Commensalism | a relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
| Mutualism | The interaction between organisms where both organismsbenefit |
| Parasitism | The interaction between organisms where one benefitsand the other is harmed. |
| Endemic disease | A disease that is constantly present with in apopulation. It is associated with a limited area. (ex. common cold) |
| Epidemic disease | A situation where many people in a given areaaquire a disease in a short period of time.(ex. STDs) |
| Morbidity | The incidence of a specific disease. |
| Mortality | The number of deaths resulting from a specific diseaseover a given period of time. |
| Antibiotic | A substance, often produced by microorganisms, that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. |
| Spectrum (of Microbial Activity) | The range of differentmicrobial types that a drug will effect. ( ex. Penicillin effects Gram pos. cocci) |
| Broad Spectrum Antibiotic | chemotherapeutic agent that effects several organisms. (refers to an agent that effects both gram negative & positive organisms) |
| Nosocomial infection | aquired in the hospital, a disease that wasnot present when the patient entered the hospital (ex.MRSA) |
| Taxonomy | The branch of Biology that is concerned with classifying and naming organisms. (branch of systematics) |
| Domains | the highest level to classify an organism |
| Archea | do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls, assoc. with extreme environmental conditions, ribosomes contain sequences of RNA that are similar to both bacteria and eukaryotes |
| Morphology | structural characteristics |
| Serology | studying the immune response of an individual by studyingthe blood serum |
| Binomial Nomenclature | The naming system for organisms in which each organism is given a two part name- a genus name and a species name. |
| Restriction Enzymes | Proteins (enzymes) made by certain bacteria that can"cut" DNA into pieces (protect bacteria from viruses) |
| Recognition Sequences | A sequence of nucleotides (palindromic sequence) thatare "recognized" by a particular restriction enzyme.These mark the location of where to cut the DNAstrand (after cut) production of "Sticky ends" |
| Recombinant DNA | two or more sequences of DNA that have been combinedinto a sequence of DNA that did not previously exist |
| (Cloning) Vector | a self replicating agent that will transfer andreplicate genetic material (ex. plasmid, bacteriophage) |
| Electrophoresis | separating fragments (of DNA, RNA or proteins) based ontheir length (and charge) After cutting the DNA (using a Restriction Enzyme) place the fragments in a electrophoresis chamber |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | in vitro amplification of DNA-increasing the number ofcopies of DNA (used on DNA obtained from blood samples, semen,microorganisms) |
| Genotype | the genetic information which codes for characteristics of the organism |
| Phenotype | the actual characteristic that the organism portrays |
| Genes | functional units of DNA, codes for a specific protein |
| Nucleotide | basic unit used to build nucleic acids (RNA & DNA) made up of a ribose (a 5 carbon sugar), phosphate & a nitrogenous base |
| Chromosome | physical units of DNA, these contain genes |
| DNA / Deoxyribonucleic acid | the genetic material in all cells and some viruses, 2 nucleotide strands that run in opposite directionsforming a double helix, & does not have an oxygen molecule at the 2' carbon |
| RNA / Ribonucleic acid | class of nucleic acids used in protein formation & found in some viruses contains the nitrogenous base Uracil instead of Thymine, -OH at both the 2' and 3' carbon, & a single strand of nucleotides |
| Replication | sometimes referred to as Semiconservative Replication since both of the original strands of DNA are retained (reproducing DNA strands) 1 chromosome is converted to 2 identical chromosomes |
| Procedure for Replication | 1.ds DNA (chromosome) "unzips" 2.an RNA primer attaches to each strand of DNA 3.DNA Polymerase attaches to the primer and begins addingnew nucleotides to the to the new sequence of DNA 4. 2 identical strands are formed |
| Transcription (Protien Synthesis) | making a strand of RNA using DNA as a template (occurs inside the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells) |
| Gene | The sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait ( the amino acid sequence). |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | a sequence of RNA that codes for a specific amino acid sequence |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | the primary component of the ribosome; the site of protein synthesis |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | this "grabs" individual amino acids in the cytoplasm then transports the amino acid to the ribosome |
| Transcription (Procedure) | 1.DNA "unzips" to expose the gene. 2. An RNA primer attaches to the promoter region of thegene. 3.An RNA Polymerase binds to the primer, then beginsforming a strand of RNA (specifically mRNA) onnucleotide at a time 4.The RNA Polymerase is released. The DNA "zips". |
| Exon | Eukaryotes, the portions of mRNA that will be transported to the cytoplasm (used intranslation) |
| Intron | In Eukaryotes, the portion of the mRNA that is remove (remains in the nucleus) |
| Translation | Producing a sequence of amino acids (a peptide chain) using mRNA as a template (occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells) |
| Codon | a series of three consecutive nucleotides on mRNA,which codes for a specific amino acid (ex. AGC = ser) |
| Anticodon | series of three consecutive nucleotides on tRNA, that are complementary to the codon |
| Start Codon | Initiates translation (AUG) |
| Nonsense Codon | A codon that stops translation (UGA) |
| Translation (Procedure) | 1.The two subunits that make up the Ribosome bind tomRNA 2. A tRNA (that carries the proper amino acid) bind tothe Codon on mRNA. A second amino acid isbrought next to the first, by the samemechanism. A peptide bond is formed betweenthese amino acids. 3. The mRNA moves down the ribosome, allowing otheramino acids to be incorporated into thissequence. 4. When the Stop Codon is reached, the Ribosome"releases" the mRNA and peptide chain. |
| Operon | a unit of gene regulation and transcription in bacterial DNA that consists of a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes |
| Lactose (LAC) Operon | an inducible operon to produce the enzymes needed to metabolize the sugar lactose |
| Promoter = P | Site where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription |
| Operator = O | The portion of the promoter region that controls the binding of the RNA polymerase |
| I gene = R = Regulator | The gene that codes for the regulatory protein - When lactose is absent this protein binds to the O region, blocking translation - When lactose is present, lactose binds to theregulatory protein.This opens the O region, whichallows the RNA polymerase to bind to the Promoter region.Genes Z, Y and A are translated. |
| Point mutation | Mutation that involves a substitution of only one nucleotide |
| Frameshift mutation | the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in DNA |
| Missense mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid. |
| Silent mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a new codon that specifies the same amion acid. |
| Nonsense mutation | A point mutation in which a condon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a stop (nonsense) codon. |
| Transformation | pieces of "naked" DNA are passed between cells with a subsequent change in the recipient |
| Transduction | (genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage |
| Conjugation | Transfer of genetic material (known as a plasmid) from one cell to another via direct cell to contact |
| Transposon | segments of DNA that can move from one area to another & can insert itself inside an active gene, inactivating it (jumping genes) |
| Genetic Engineering | artificial gene manipulation |
| Apoenzyme | the protein portion of an enzyme |
| Holoenzyme | the whole, active enzyme |
| Cofactor | the non-protein portion of an enzyme |
| Coenzyme | an organic cofactor (ex. certain vitamins) contains an active site that is specific for a given substrate (the substrate must fit perfectly in the active site) |
| Enzymes | molecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions |
| Enzyme Substrate Complex | formed by the binding together of an enzyme and substrate |
| Temperature (effect of enzymes) | can denature proteins (in a chemical reaction that occurs in a beaker, heating will increase the rate of the chemical reaction) |
| Substrate Concentration Saturation | the point where the active site is constantly occupied with substrate (adding more substrate will not increase the rate of reaction), most enzymes are not saturated |
| Competitive Inhibitor | a substance that will fit into the active site, thereby competing with the substrate |
| Non-competitive Inhibitor | a substance that does not compete for the active site, these bind to an allosteric site (other site) which causes a conformational change in the active site, this inactivates the active site |
| Ribozyme | a type of RNA that can act as a enzyme |
| Energy Production | producing energy from the breakdown of nutrients |
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolis |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. |
| Photophosphorylation | phosphorylation that utilizes light as its source of energy in the formation of ATP |
| Respiration | an ATP generating process in which molecules are broken down & the final electron acceptor is usually an inorganic molecule |
| Embden-Meyerhof pathway | glucose is the primary molecule that enters into glycolysis which is broken down into 2 pyruvic acids, anaerobic, occurs in the cytoplasm, produces a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| Aerobic Respiration | Pyruvic Acid enters the Krebs Cycle which is used to reduce NAD+ to NADH, and FAD to FADH2 NADH and FADH2 are "fed" into the Electron Transport Chain occurs in Mitochondria of Eukaryotic organisms oxygen is the final electron acceptor, leads to the production of H2O pyruvic acid is broken down to CO2 36 (38) ATP produced |
| Fermentation | Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate |
| Anaerobic Respiration | respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule containing sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, etc. |
| Pentose Phosphate pathway (shunt) | Alternative to Glycolysis that allows for the breakdown of five carbon sugars & glucose,can lead to the production of nucleic acids, glucose from carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, and certain amino acids (yields one ATP per glucose) |
| Enter-Doudoroff pathway | Alternative to Glycolysis, can be used to metabolize glucose with out glycolysis or Pentose Phosphate pathway, produces two ATP, & is found in certain gram negative bacteria (ex. Pseudomonas) |
| Photosynthesis | The conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. This chemical energy is then used to create organic molecules (often in the form of sugars) from carbon dioxide ( Carbon fixation) 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O |
| Light Dependent Reaction | Light energy converted to chemical energy (in ATP and NADPH + H+). The initial phase of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy. |
| Light Independent Reaction | The second step of photosynthesis that occurs in the stroma where energy from ATP along with H+ from "light" reaction are combined with CO2 to produce glucse molecules |
| Phototroph | An organism that utilizes light as its primary energy source. |
| Chemotroph | an organism that metabolizes inorganic and/or organic molecules for energy |
| Autotroph | "self-feeder", Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon |
| Heterotroph | an organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. (requires an organic carbon source) |
| Chemically Defined media | the exact chemical composition of the media is known |
| Complex media | the composition of the media may vary from one preparation to the next, allows for the growth of a wide range of organisms |
| Selective media | has a substance added to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria (ex.crystal violet inhibits gram positive bacteria) |
| Differential media | prepared to make it easier to distinguish colonies of a desired organism from other organisms on the growth media (ex. hemolysis) |
| Binary Fission | a form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes that leads to the production of two identical daughter cells |
| Generation Time | time required for a cell to divide,for once cell to become two cells (i.e. for a population to double) |
| Plate Count | a method of measuring microbial populations in a sample, produced by measuring the colony forming units on a solid media |
| Colony Forming Units (CFU) | this is the assumption that each bacterium that is placed on solid media leads to the formation of a single colony, (i.e. that counting 100colonies on a media reflects that 100 bacteria were initially placed on that plate) |
| Growth Curve | a representation of the growth of cells (colonies) over time |
| Lag phase | after a cell is placed in its new environment (growth media), the cell needs time to adapt and form new enzymes, no growth during this phase |
| Log (Exponential Growth) phase | cells divide exponentially |
| Stationary phase | organism begins to use up nutrients, wastes accumulate & number of new organisms produced equals the number of deaths |
| Death phase | the total number of organisms steadily decline,nutrients are exhausted, accumulation of wastes and toxins accumulate making the environment unlivable |
| Microaerophile | requires small amounts of oxygen but large amounts inhibit them |
| (Obligate) anaerobe | grows in the absence of oxygen |
| Aerotolerant | microorganism which prefers anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen |
| Facultative anaerobe | can live in the presence or absence of oxygen, usually prefers oxygen but has metabolic pathways for anaerobic activity |
| (Obligate) aerobe | requires oxygen to survive |
| Nitrogen Fixation | takes nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere and converts it to a usable form (ex. amino acids) |
| Nucleic Acid (Viral Structure) | DNA/ RNA-only one type per virus,Viruses can contain either single stranded or doublestranded.( ex. dsRNA, ssDNA) |
| Capsid (Viral Structure) | the protein structure that surrounds the nucleic acid |
| Capsomere (Viral Structure) | the subunits that come together to form a capsid |
| Envelope (Viral Structure) | lipid layer that surrounds the capsid (not all viruses have one of these) |
| Recognition factors (Viral Structure) | the protein/carbohydrate sequence that a virus uses for attachment-some encapsulated viruses have structures called "spikes"that protrude from the surface |
| Attachment ( 1 Multiplication of viruses in animal cells) | virus attaches to host cell with the help of recognition sites |
| Penetration ( 2 Multiplication of viruses in animal cells) | virus enters the cell (via endocytosis) the capsule of encapsulated viruses fuses with the hostcells plasma membrane, allowing the virus with its capsid to enter the host |
| Uncoating ( 3 Multiplication of viruses in animal cells) | removal of the capsid (protein coat), the nucleic acid is now exposed, along with any enzymes the virus harbors |
| Biosynthesis of nucleic acid ( 4 Multiplication of viruses in animal cells) | the virus usually uses cellular (from the host) enzymes to produce viral nucleic acid strands, a virus that has ssRNA will be either contain a Sense or an Antisense strand: |
| Biosynthesis of viral proteins ( 5 Multiplication of viruses in animal cells) | production of capsomeres and essential viral enzymes |
| Maturation ( 6 Multiplication of viruses in animal cells) | assembly of the virion |
| Sense (+) strand | a strand of RNA that can act as mRNA |
| Antisense (-) strand | strand of RNA that serves as a template for a sense strand |
| Results of viral infection | no beneficial consequences of viral infection outside of the lab (unlike bacteria, fungi, etc....) |
| Cell lysis (Results of viral infection) | enzymes are produced which rupture the cell membrane, releasing viruses into the environment (cell dies as a result) |
| Budding (Results of viral infection) | virus acquires an envelope by being surrounded by a portion of the host cells membrane, the virus is released(ultimately, the host cell will die) |
| Latent infection (Results of viral infection) | the nucleic acid remains dormant in the host cell for prolonged periods of time (ex.cold sores) |
| Protists (Kingdom Protista) | Algae, Protozoa, Molds (wide variation of body plans) |
| Algae | photosynthetic, plantlike, autotrophic protists |
| Protozoa | Heterotrophic protists (unicellular/some are motile) |
| Trophozoite | Vegetative form of a protozoan such as plasmodium. |
| cyst | resistant, survival stage (protozoan) |
| Fungi (Kingdom Fungi) | Molds & Yeasts, organisms that are chemoheterotrophic by absorption ,contain cellulose in their cell walls, also chitin |
| Animals (Kingdom Animalia) | multicellular, usually motile, heterotrophic by ingestion |
| Helminths (Kingdom Animalia) | parasitic worms (a descriptive term, not a genus),have complex system development (ex. digestive, nervous,etc...) (often transmitted in an encysted (egg) form) |
| Tapeworm (Kingdom Animalia) | adult worm lives in the intestinal tract ,eggs are excreted in the host feces |
| Pinworms (Kingdom Animalia) | Organism: Enterobius vermicularis-migrates outside of the anus to lay its eggs,which causes itching |
| Candida albicans | a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina |
| Dermatophytes | fungi that infect only the epidermis, hair, and nails; their infections are called dermatomycoses or cutaneous mycoses |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | Histoplasmosis- (not capsulated)- soil hyphae form conidia and multiply in lungs as yeast. Common in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. Assoc. with bat/bird droppings. Can present like TB. |
| Coccidiodes immitis | Coccidiomycosis (disease) dimorphic fungus, found in deserts (soil) of the American SW, spores spread via wind |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Amoebic dysentery; fecal contamination of drinking water (pathogenic protozoan) |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | trichomoniasis; anaerobic protozoan |
| Virulence | The degree to which a pathogen is capable of causing a disease. |
| Virulence factors | Glycocalyx; slime layer; Fimbrae; M Protein; Opa Protein; Tapered end (hook) |
| LD50 | dose required to kill half of the members of a tested population within a given time period |
| epidemiology | The study of where and when diseases occur |
| sequela | condition that follows an illness |
| fomite | Any INANIMATE OBJECT to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted |
| oppurtunistic infection | infection resulting from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the enviroment |
| Antigen | substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response-usually a protein or glycoprotein |
| Hapten | small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen |
| Epitope | specific portion of an antigen that triggers the immune response; also called antigenic determinant |
| Cytokine | a small protein hormone, secreted by lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, that helps regulate cellular activities during innate or adaptive immune responses |
| Antibody | a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body |
| B Lymphocytes | lymphocytes that produce antibodies in cell-mediated immunity. |
| Plasma Cells | cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies. |
| Memory Cells | A cell derived from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes that reacts rapidly upon re-exposure to antigen. |
| Secondary Response | The acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. This is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the other. |
| T Helper Cells | Cells that activate macrophages, activate B cells to Enhance antibody production, and enhance cytotoxic T cell function. |
| CytotoxicT Cells | also callled killer t-cells these cells attaack cells infected with the pathogen that triggered the responce and bind to the infected cells membrane and poke holes in it by secreting a protien called perforin |
| Hybridoma | "Immortal" cancerous B cell fused with an antibody-producing normal B cell, produces; Monoclonal antibodies |
| Apotosis | The natural programmed death of a cell; the residual fragments are disposed of by phagocytosis. |
| Monoclonal Antibodies | antibodies produced by a single B lymphocyte that has been selected and that produces a single type of antigen; important as a research tool and in diagnosing and treating certain diseases |
| Portals of Entry | Mouth, nose, placenta, eyes, ears, digestive tract, respiratory tract, broken skin, urinary tract, genital tract. |
| Virulence Factors | Glycocalyx; slime layer; Fimbrae; M Protein; Opa Protein; Tapered end (hook) |
| ELISA | also referred to as enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay; it is a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies |
| Biological Molecules | Cabohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
| IgA | 10-15% common in mucuous membranes, saliva, tears and breast milk most common in bodymonomers, dimers that protect mucosal surfaces from invasion by pathogens |
| IgM | Pentamer, 5 -10% of linked antbodies 1st antibody to appear in response to an antigen; short lived, fights pathogens & involved in ABO blood reactions |
| IgG | 80% most prevalent in serum, naturally acquired passive immunity, neutralize bacterial toxins,triggers complement system,passed through placenta to fetus |
| Attenuated Whole-Agent vaccine | uses the entire organism/virus that has been weakened, non-pathogenic but will elecit an immune response (ex. Sabin Polio Vaccine,MMR),may revert to its pathogenic state |
| Inactivated Whole- Agent Vaccine | Type of vaccine in which microbes have been killed by phenol or formalin (ex. Salk Polio Vaccine "IPV"), antigen remains present |
| Poliovirus | RNA & Neurotrophic Virus,multiples in motor neurons,causes paralysis & mortality, can go undiagnosed due to lack of symptoms |
| Subunit Vaccine | type of vaccine consisting of antigenetic fragments that best stimulate an immune response |
| Recombinant Vaccine | A vaccine made by recombinant DNA techniques, has fewer side effects |
| Conjugated Vaccine | Type of vaccine made up of polysaccharides combined with protein (toxoid),developed to assist underdeveloped immune systems of infants |
| Agglutination Reaction | Antigen-antibody reactions lead to visible aggregations |
| Type 1 Anaphylactic Reaction | Symptoms local or systemic, appear within 30 min.,releases histamines (leukotrines & prostoglandins) from basophils and mast cells, response to injections, inject stings, pollen |
| Effects of histamine | dilation of capillaries which leads to edema & redness, increase mucous secretion, smooth muscle constriction causing airway obstruction |
| Type 2 Cytotoxic Reaction | Associated with incompatible blood types (IgG & IgM) , associated with incompatible blood types, mother develops Ab during pregnancies which "attack" fetal RBCs |
| Type 3 Immune Complex Reaction | Antibodies against soluble antigens, antigen/antibody complement complexes form which are deposited in tissue leading to inflammation (ex. Rheumatoid Arthritis/Glomerulnephritis) |
| Type 4 Cell Mediated Reaction | Delayed hypersensitivity T-Cells,delayed reaction of 1 or 2 days due to T-cells & macrophages time to accumulate to the area where the antigen is located. produces local skin inflammation (ex. TB skin test) |
| Innate Immunity (Non Specific Resisitance) | Provide immediate general protection from wide range of pathogens.Present at birth. |
| Types of Nonspecific Resistances | Intact skin,Hairs,cilia, lacrimal,sebum,vag. secretions, lysozyme,gastric juices, urine flow |
| Natural Killer Cells | A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.produce cytolysis |
| Phagocytosis | Ingestion of microbes & other particles by phagocytes (type of nonspecific resistance) |
| Stages of Phagocytosis | Chemostaxis, Adherence, Ingestion,Digestion, Discharge |
| Inflammation | localized response to an injury or destruction of tissues |
| Stages of Inflammation | Vasodilation, Phagocytes mobilized,Tissue repair |
| Fever intensifies body antimicrobial activity by | Increases effect of IFN's, decreases available iron, increases inflammation, enhances T lymphocyte production |
| Interferons | Proteins produced in response to viral infection, host cell specific, produced in small amounts & effective for short periods,react with receptor sites on uninfected cells which produce antiviral proteins that prevent uncoating or stops production of viral nucleic acids-infected cell dies (large amounts of IFN's produce cold & flu symptoms) |
| Complement System | A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens. |
| Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity | Involves B-lymphocytes, produces antibodies that act against antigens |
| Neutralization (Mechanism of Action -Antibody Mediated Immunity) | Antigen binds to the epitope, neutralizes that region of the antigen, immobilizes certain cells |
| Agglutination (Mechanism of Action -Antibody Mediated Immunity) | Ag binding to Ag creates large clumps |
| Precipitation (Mechanism of Action -Antibody Mediated Immunity) | Ag- Ab complex falls out of solution, facilitates phagocytosis |
| Opsonization (Mechanism of Action -Antibody Mediated Immunity) | Antibodies attach to certain cells, facilitates phagocytosis & activation of Complement System |
| Secondary (Anamnestic Response) | Increased immune response to subsequent exposure of a specific antigen, involves Memory Cells |
| Cell Mediated Immunity | Involves T- lymphocytes, produces response to specific antigen |
| Helper T- Cells | Type of lymphocyte that is involved in the activation of both the cell mediated and humoral immunity, acitvates T cell, B cell, and NK cells |
| Cytotoxic T Cells | attack foreign cells or body cells infected by viruses, they provide cell mediated immunity.(AKA- CD8 cells) |
| Suppressor T Cells | Inhibit T Cell activity |
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