Ch. 10 AP World History (A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe)

Terms	Definitions
Clovis	King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy
Charles Martel	Frankish commander in the battle of Tours(Also known as Poiters). He defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.
Chaucer	In England, he was a courtier, who traveled and mastered philosophy and literature. He wrote from the perspective of various pilgrims to a tomb, and uses them as individuals representing many different walks of life. He thus subtly commented on cultural, religious and literary traditions., Remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)
Saint Godric	12th century Englishman who participated in urban trade but then became a religious hermit; he felt tension between religion and the state
Vikings	One of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.
Middle Ages	The period between the fall of the Roman Empire in the west (470) and the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 1400s. This period is also known as "Medieval."
Manoralism	System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the MIddle Ages.Large fields for agriculture, and serfs to work the land. The land and inhabitants were called a manor and both belonged to the lord.
serfs	men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection
moldboard	Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system.
three field system	a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted.
Franks	Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe.
Carolingian	of or relating to the Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father
Battle of Tours	BATTLE IN 732 IN WHICH THE CHRISTIAN FRANKS LED BY CHARLES MARTEL DEFEATED MUSLIM ARMIES AND STOPPED THE MUSLIM ADVANCES INTO EUROPE
Charlemagne	King of the Franks emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though he started an intellectual revival. Was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope(which would lead to problems for other rulers).
Holy Roman Empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806
vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty
Normandy	A region in northwestern France on the English channel
Hundreds Year War	(1337-1453) Large war between France and England that was fueled by territorial disagreements and started when Edward III declared himself king of France. In the end, it weakened both countries for some time France WINS (Wow France Wins LOL).
William the Conqueror	He invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; and established a centralized monarchy, main reason that English differs from other German languages.
Parliment	a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation, The lawmaking part of the British government
Capetian	Weak dynasty but unified France for 300 years and helped it become sovereign
lay investiture	the practice by which secular rulers both chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbols of their office
Black Death	The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe
Siege of Paris	a siege of Paris by the Prussian force in order to force a French surrender; Paris never did, but Versailles did
Fuedalism	a political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land
Guilds	an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards
Hanseatic League	An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance.
Low Countries	the lowland region of western Europe on the North Sea: Belgium and Luxembourg and the Netherlands
Jacques Coeur	One of Europe's most extrordinary merchants; demonstrated the opportunities and risks of new forms of trade. He had lent money to needy courtiers, to members of the royal family, and to the King himself, and his debtors, jealous of his wealth, were eager for a chance to cause his downfall. When the mistress of the King died, he was rumored to have played a part and was convicted despite being innocent, after a while he did escape.
Thomas Aquinas	Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology
Beowulf	the legendary hero of an anonymous Old English epic poem composed in the early 8th century, a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD
The Song of Roland	One of the earliest and most famous Medieval epic poems; it's glorifies a band of french soldiers who perished after fighting the Muslims from Spain
Canterbury Tales	a book written by Geoffrey Chaucer are stories that a group of pilgrims tell to entertain eachoter as they travel to the shrine of Saint Thoman Becket in Canterbury. Fictional stories.
Romance of the Rose	Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century; details the ideas of courtly love. Romance between men and women of the upper class
Villon	Wrote about reality,beauty and the hardships of life for people on earth, "Grand Testament"
Flying Buttress	A free-standing support attached to the main vessel (nave, choir, or transept wall) by an arch or half-arch which transmits the thrust of the vault to the support attached to the outer wall of the aisle. Necessary for Gothic Cathedrals.
Romanesque Arches	Typical rounded arches are usually called.
Gothic	A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries.
Scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
Summas	Highest works of Aquinas, eliminated opposition to Aquinas theories.
Averroes	Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor, wrote commentaries on Aristotle, emphasized the compatability of faith and reason, said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason.
Peter Abelard	Author of Yes And No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
Yes and No	Peter Abelard's book; issues or Biblical statements with theological resolutions not provided, 158 theological questions—Bible & various authorities not agree. —theology enslaved to citing examples —sought overcome limitation & reconcile authorities... Method: 1. Pose question, 2. Cite authorities for various answers 3. Solution... Abelard's method will be used by Scholastic movement
Bernard of Clairvaux	Powerful monk who stressed the importance of a mystical union with God and believed reason was dangerous, Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenged Peter Abelard and had him driven from the universities.
Pope Gregory 7	The pope from 1073 to 1085; excommunicated Henry 4 over the issue of lay investiture and then forgave him, and later deposed by Henry, wanted to institute reforms, limit secular influence on the church
Clare of Assisi	Born in 1194 to a representative of an ancient roman family in Assisi, She left a wealthy life to pursue holiness through poverty after hearing Francis preach.
Henry 4	Only 6 years old when he became King. Pope Gregory's the 7th greatest struggles were with ________ __ who was Excommunicated by Pope Gregory the 7th and then he pleaded for mercy to come back. Finally Gregory Revoked his excommunication after he agreed to several conditions of the pope's forgiveness. Conflict was over lay investiture.
excommunication	The most severe penalty for refusing to obey Church laws; if this happened to you (as it did to Holy Roman Emperor Henry 4 - could not be buried on sacred ground and could not receive the sacraments.
Pope Urban 2	In The First Crusade he can be seen as one attempt to realize this vision, He was the successor to a legacy of extensive ecclesiastical reform, a legacy unpopular with many powerful people, he tried to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims
Reconquista	The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. Ended with Ferdinand and Isabella who unified it into a powerful nation state. Ended with the fall of the Sultanate of Grenada and coincided with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
Toledo	In 1085 the king of Castile won a great victory over the Moors by capturing the city of ?
Grand Testament	Villons, includes legacy to a prostitute, exposes and celebrates human condition, humor, depth, rebellion