Flashcards: Biology Semester I Exam Review
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Created by:
captaint10 on December 7, 2008
Subjects:
Groups:
9th Grade Biology, ircs biology
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 metric | Science uses which system to measure items? |
| living things | Biology is the study of ______________. |
| reproduce | All living things __________ to make more of themselves. |
| response | Living things adjust to a stimulus by a ______________. |
| observing | Questions arise from individuals __________ the world around them. |
| ethics | The study of standards for what is right and wrong is called ______. |
| data | Information gathered through experimentation. |
| experiment | A structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis is called an _______. |
| technology | Applying science to the needs and problems of our society is called ________. |
| theory | A scientific explanation that's been tested over time is a _________. |
| control Group | The part of a science experiment that's kept the same. |
| scientific Method | Steps used in science that gathers information, tests hypothesis, and solve problems is called |
| hypothesis | A testable explanation for a question or problem |
| quantitative research | Research that's reported in numerical form with charts and graphs. |
| experiment | A test of a hypothesis |
| polymers | Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins are all large molecules called _____________. |
| organic | All carbon compounds are called ___________________. |
| four | Carbon atoms must share ____________ electrons to be stable |
| chemical reaction | Burning of paper is an example of a ______________ reaction. |
| compound | Two or more elements chemically bonding together is called a _____________. |
| nucleus | Protons and neutrons are located in the __________ of an atom. |
| electron Clouds | Electrons move about the nucleus in regions called ____________. |
| amino acids | Proteins are made up of __________________. |
| polarity | Water can dissolve many compounds because of its |
| cells | All living things are made up of _________. |
| animals cells | Which type of cells do not have a cell wall? |
| dynamic Equilibrium | When diffusion slow down and stops __________ is reached. |
| concentration gradient | Diffusion continues until there is no ____________. |
| nitrogen | Proteins contain what element that fats and carbohydrates don't have? |
| 2 | The first electron energy level can contain a maximum of ______ electrons |
| less | Acids have a pH _______ than seven. |
| double | Unsaturated fats contain ________ bonds |
| base | pH of 13 is considered a strong ____________. |
| proteins | Enzymes in the human body are ___________. |
| gain | Non-metals like chlorine typically will _________ electrons to become stable. |
| 4 | N₂O₂ has how many total atoms? |
| cell theory | all life is made of cells which are the basic units of life and must come from preexisting cells is called the ________. |
| Hooke | First to describe cells |
| electron microscope | The type of microscope which has the greatest magnification |
| eukaryotic cells | A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is termed ____________. |
| lipid bilayer | The cell membrane is made up of a ________________. |
| hypertonic | Water moves out of a cell when the cell is placed in a ________ solution like sugar water. |
| hypotonic | Water moves into a cell when the cell is placed in a _________ solution. |
| active Transport | When a cell moves particles from an area of lesser concentration to greater concentration it uses ________. |
| osmosis | Water leaving or entering a cell does so through a process known as __________. |
| plasma membrane | What part of a cell maintains the cells homeostasis? |
| proteins | A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of ________. |
| cancer | Viruses, environmental influences and radiation are examples of things that can cause _________. |
| series of enzymes | What monitors the cell's cycle from phase to phase? |
| metaphase | What phase is identified by chromosomes lining up along the cell's mid-line? |
| interphase | The longest phase of the cell's cycle. |
| chloroplast | Chlorophyll is located in what organelle? |
| chlorophyll | Green pigment that traps light energy is called ____________. |
| energy | In order for your body to undergo reactions and normal body function, it requires _____. |
| glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) | What are the two products of photosynthesis? |
| respiration | The process which burns glucose to produce energy. |
| crossing over | When parts of homologous chromatids exchange places with one another which creates genetic recombinations. |
| punnett Square | A device used to show the offspring combinations of two parents. |
| heterozygous | Two alleles; one dominant and one recessive is said to be ______. |
| law of Segregation | Mendel's law that states only one factor from each parent is passed to the offspring is called _______. |
| heredity | The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called __________. |
| diploid | A cell containing the full set (2) alleles for each trait is said to be _____. |
| egg | The gamete produced by the mother. |
| 50% | The percent chance a couple will always have a boy is _______. |
| phenotype | Looking at the physical features of a dog will provide the dog's ________. |
| meiosis | What cell division reduces the number of chromosomes by 1/2? |
| fertilization | The process of a sperm uniting with an egg is called __________. |
| alleles | Alternate forms of a gene are called ______________. |
| cytosine | Guanine always bonds to what nitrogen base? |
| deletion | When a portion of a chromosome is missing or breaks off. |
| double helix | The shape of the DNA molecule. |
| skin cancer | What could be one result of mutated skin cells of a person? |
| nitrogen bases | When DNA is copied, these pair up to form a new strand. |
| nucleotide | Is made up of one sugar, base and a phosphate group. |
| deoxyribose | The sugar of a DNA molecule. |
| ribose | The sugar of a RNA molecule. |
| uracil | Replaces the Thymine in an RNA molecule. |
| transcription | Process which forms Messenger RNA |
| cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide | Put in order from largest to smallest: DNA, nucleotide, cell, chromosome, nucleus |
| nitrogen bases | What part of the DNA molecule gets copied during transcription? |
| translation | The dropping off of amino acids for protein assembly is called ______. |
| frameshift | When a DNA segment has an added or lost nitrogen base it's called a _________ mutation. |
| incomplete dominant | Pink flowers from red and white parent combination shows the trait is ____. |
| sex chromosomes | The 23rd set of chromosomes is called ______. |
| XX | Males have XY chromosomes and females have sex chromosomes called _____. |
| aerobic | The most efficient type of respiration is ______. |
| lysosome | Sac of digestive enzymes |
| vacuole | Storage sacs |
| mitochondria | Power-house of the cell (converts larger molecules into ATP for energy use) |
| endoplasmic reticulum | Folded membrane where reactions occur |
| chromatin | Thin strands of DNA |
| cell membrane | Boundary of the cell |
| cilia | Short hair-like; used for movement |
| nucleus | Control Center of Cell |
| choroplast | Converts light energy to chemical energy |
| interphase | Phase the cell spends most of it's time in |
| metaphase | Chromosomes line up along midline |
| prophase | Cell begins to undergo Mitosis by coiling up chromosomes |
| anaphase | Chromatids separate at the centromere |
| telophase | Two new cells form |
| mitosis | Division of body cells |
| meiosis | Division of cells that will form gametes |
| protein synthesis | Putting amino acids together |
| photosynthesis | Converting light energy into glucose |
| Mendel | Known as Father of Genetics |
| arrangement of atoms | Compounds with the same chemical formula will differ in ________________ |
| isotopes | Carbon-12 carbon-13 carbon-14 are examples of ___________ |
| selective permeability | The cell's cytoplasm can differ from the cell's surroundings due to the cell membrane's _________________ |
| where the person lives | Cancer rates for people will follow according to the country ____________ |
| centromere | Chromatids of a chromosome attach to spindle fibers by the ___________ |
| organ system | Which term is most complex: cell, organ system, organ or tissue? |
| ATP | The energy molecule that cells use is called _________________ |
| photosynthesis | The MAKING of a glucose molecule occurs through the process called _________ |
| glycolysis | The first step in BREAKING DOWN a glucose molecule |
| gametes | The parent's ________________ are written on the top and side of a punnett square |
| meiosis | Reducing 78 chromosomes to 39 is the result of ___________ |
| deoxyribose sugar | The backbone of a DNA molecule is made up of a phosphate |
| translocation | The process of a part of a chromosome breaking off and is added to a different chromosome is called _____________ |
| replication | The process of DNA copying itself is called ___________________ |
| point mutation | A DNA segment that's changed from CAT to GAT while being copied is called |
| sex-linked | Royal hemophilia is the result of _____________ inheritance |
| codominant | Blood types are the result of ______________ inheritance |
| recessive alleles | Most human genetic disorders are caused by |
| ribosome | the site of protein synthesis |
| respiration | the breakdown of glucose to usable energy |
| flagella | long whip-like extension of the cell used for movement |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like matrix that suspends organelles |
| characteristics of living things | Ability to reproduce, high level of organization, growth, adaptation, responding to stimuli and requiring energy are all examples of |
| meter | The metric base unit for length is |
| gram | The metric unit commonly used for mass is _____ for small items and kilogram for heavier items. |
| liter | The metric unit for volume is |
| dependent variable | The measured outcome of an experiment |
| independent variable | The variable being tested in an experiment |
| polarity | water has slight charges on its ends due to unequal sharing of electrons causing a property called |
| hydrogen bonds | The attraction of a hydrogen atom of one water molecule to an oxygen atom of another water molecule forms |
| physical | Dissolving substances is a ___________ change since you can achieve the solid again by boiling the liquid |
| neutrons | Isotopes are the same atoms with different numbers of |
| acid | A substance that forms hydrogen ions in water is an |
| ionic | metals and nonmetals form __________ compounds |
| covalent | nonmetals form ___________ compounds with other nonmetals |
| Leeuwenhoek | Known as the Father of Microscopy |
| compound light | micrscope containing two lenses and used in common high school labs |
| cell membrane cytoplasm and nucelus | The three main parts of a cell |
| adenosine triphosphate | What does ATP stand for? |
| substrates | Enzymes attach to molecules called __________that undergo chemical reactions in the body |
| carbon dioxide + water + light yeilds glucose and oxygen | The word equation for photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | The light reaction and calvin cycle are two parts to ________________ |
| aerobic respiration | glycolysis, krebs and electron transport chain are all steps in |
| fermentation | __________ occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is absent |
| 36 | total net ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule during aerboic respiration |
| pyruvic acid | During the first step of respiration, glucose is broken down into |
| cancer | uncontrolled division of cells creates a tumor that can spread resulting in |
| tetrads | During prophase I of Meiosis, homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids) which come together are called ___________ |
| synapsis | The actual moving of homologous chromosomes to pair up during prophase I is called |
| metaphase I | The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes line up in two lines along the mid-line of the cell is called |
| anaphase II | The phase of meiosis when chromatids separate from each other |
| telophase II | The phase of meiosis when 4 haploid cells form is called |
| polar bodies | Meiosis produces 4 sperm or 1 egg and 3 _________. |
| mRNA | Type of RNA that is a blue print of the DNA molecule which leaves the nucleus during protein synthesis |
| tRNA | Clover shaped RNA that picks up amino acids for transport to the ribosome |
| rRNA | A globular RNA that is combined with special protein that makes up a ribosome |
| cytosine | Guanine base binds to _________ |
| adenine | _____________ bonds to thymine on a DNA molecule or uracil on RNA. |
| gene Therapy | nasal spray allowing good genes to enter and person's body |
| electrophoresis | placing cut DNA in a gel-filled well to separate them by size and charge |
| autosomes | 22 pair of chromosomes not including the sex chromosomes |
| pedigree | diagram showing an inherited disease over several generations |
| karyotype | picture of chromosomes which help locate abnormalities |
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