| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Spartacus | led a two year slave revolt until 40, 000 of the roman army finally put it down and crucified 6000 slaves along the Apian Way |
| Caesar Augustus | aka Octavian, part of the second triumvirate, created a stable government, started the Pax Romana (steadied the frontier, built buildings, and roads, common coins, developed civil service, government improved transitions between rulers) |
| Julia | daughter of Julius Caesar, married to Pompey |
| Crassus | part of first triumvirate with Pompey and Julius Caesar |
| Diocletian | reformed Rome as it grew close to collapse, he doubled the army, fixed prices, and elevated himself to a god |
| Octavian | aka Caesar Augustus, part of the second triumvirate, created a stable government, started the Pax Romana (steadied the frontier, built buildings, and roads, common coins, developed civil service, government improved transitions between rulers) |
| patrician | wealthy high class of Rome |
| aqueduct | a pipeline or channel built to carry water to cities or towns |
| Tacitus | Roman historian known for being accurate, wrote the Histories and Annals |
| Virgil | poet who spent ten years writing the Aeneid, about Rome and Roman virtues |
| gravitas | roman values of discipline, strength, and loyalty |
| Carthage | fought with Rome in the Punic Wars after interfering with Roman trade and profile |
| Pompeii | city where Mount Vesuvius erupted, preserving much of what is known about Roman homes |
| Augustine | bishop of Hippo in North Africa, taught need for God's grace, and a church dependent, sacramental neccesity for salvation, wrote The City of God |
| Twelve Tablets | written Roman laws (in the past they had been arbitrary) |
| Diaspora | the dispersal of the Jews after the second Jewish rebellion |
| Aenid | the most famous work of Latin literature, about the Aeneas, written by Virgil |
| mercenary | foreign soldier who fought for money |
| Constantinople | the capital of East Rome, aka Byzantium |
| tribunes | elected representatives of the plebians who protected the rights of the plebians |
| Attila | central asian threat, directly to Rome in 444 but he couldn't conquer Constantinople |
| Byzantine Empire | eastern half of Roman Empire that preserved Greek and Roman culture, conquered by Ottoman Turks |
| Hannibal | brilliant Carthaginian general of second Punic war, he went thru Spain and Alps, lost 1/2 of his army including elephants, and left Carthage open for attack |
| republic | form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders |
| Constantine | won a battle after having a vision of a cross in 300, next year he ended Christian persecution, Edict of Milan makes it Chrisianity one of Rome's religions |
| Romulus Augustulus | 14 year old emperor ousted by Germans in 476 |
| inflation | drastic drop in the value of money coupled with a rise in prices |
| Huns | led by Attila, terrorized Roman Empire |
| The City of God | book written by Augustine, asserted our fleeting unimportant lives (because Rome was plundered in the 8th century) the heavenly city couldn't be plundered |
| consuls | two people the Romans elected to rule the military and government |
| Ottoman Turks | group who conquered the Byzantine Empire in 1453 |
| Nicene Creed | defines basic beliefs of Christians, written by Constantine and church leaders in Nicaea |
| Punic Wars | three wars from 264-146 B.C., between Rome and Carthage, Rome won |
| Pax Romana | period of Roman Peace for 200 years |
| Scipio | Roman general that attacked Carthage in the Punic wars |
| Mark Antony | part of second triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus, was in love with Cleopatra |
| Lepidus | part of second triumvirate with Octavian and Mark Antony |
| civil service | administrative parts of the government, created by Caesar Augustus kept transitions between rulers stable |
| triumvirate | group of three rulers |
| Tarquin the Proud | 7th Etruscan king, last king of Rome, a harsh tyrant driven from power in 509 B.C. |
| plebians | poor lower class of Rome |
| Romulus and Remus | traditional founders of Rome, sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess, raised by a she wolf |
| senate | part of Roman government that functioned as a legislator and administrator |
| Juvenal | a satarist (showed Romans what their culture was like) |
| Name three parts of governement in the Roman republic. | 2 consuls, the Senate, and assemblies |
| How did the Roman Republic treat different sections of its conquered territory? | People living in closer territories became citizens, people farther away were not allowed to vote, and the people farthest away were considered allies |
| How did Augustus change Roman government in the Roman Empire? | He added civil service to administer the government, which improved transitions between rulers |
| How did Rome's population fare during the golden age of Pax Romana? | The population grew to 60-80 million |
| How did the apostle Paul encourage the spread of Christianity? | He gave a universal invitation to a personal monotheistic religion |
| Why did the Roman emperors persecute Christians? | Christians didn't worship Roman gods/goddesses, which was seen as political opposition to the Roman government |
| What was Emperor Diocletian's most significant reform? | He divided the Empire into two parts: the east and the west |
| How did the Western Roman Empire fall? | The Huns led by Atilla attacked but Rome couldn't raise an army, and in 476 A.D. the Germans kicked 14 year old Romulus Augustulus out when he became emperor |
| Why did Roman culture have a Greek flavor? | Rome conquered Greece and admired their culture, so the Romans blended their cultures together |
| What aspects or elements of Roman culture influenced future civilizations? | Architecture (many building styles are used in the U.S), and government (we basically have the same type of government as Rome) |
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