Canadian Geography 1202 - Term 2 Definitions
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41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Habitat | is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species population |
| The Marine Food Chain | Phytoplankton - Zooplankton - Small Fish - Bigger Fish - Mammals |
| Phytoplankton | Microscopic, single celled organisms that live in shallow seawater where sunlight can penetrate. They feed off the nutrients that result from decayed marine life. |
| Zooplankton | Microscopic, single celled animal organisms. They feed on phytoplankton and serve as food for small fish. |
| Continental Shelf | an undersea extension of a continent which can stretch for many miles out to sea in some cases. |
| Fishing Bank | A shallow area on the continental shelf |
| Why are the Grand Banks Ideally Suited for Marine Life? | Cold, nutrient rich waters are at the surface where sunlight can penetrate. Ocean currents and fresh water from the St. Lawrence stir up the water making nutrients available to the phytoplankton. |
| Inshore Fishery | - Usually remain within 20 kms of shore - Return to port daily - Boats measure 5 - 20m in length - Harvest includes lobster, shrimp, herring, & halibut |
| Offshore Fishery | - Up to 400 kms off shore - Stay at sea for 2 to 3 weeks - Boats measure 20 - 50m - Boats have their own processing equipment. - Owned by large companies |
| Sustainability | meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. |
| Collapse of the Cod Fishery | 1. Technology 2. National Fishing Limits 3. Quotas set too high. 4. Breeding stocks overestimated. 5. Changes in water temperature and flow patterns of the major ocean currents. 6. Seals. |
| Aquaculture | The raising of marine life in a controlled environment. (mainly to sell) Example: muscle farm |
| Fossil Fuels | a combustible material formed from the remains of living organisms transformed over time by heat and pressure |
| How are Oil & Gas Formed? | 1) Plants and animals die and their remains fall to the bottom of the seas or swamps where they are buried in mud and preserved from decay. 2) These muds are buried by other sediments. 3) Over billions of years, more and more carbon-rich sediment layers form. 4) Pressure from above turn these sediments into sedimentary rock layers. 5) Oil and gas from the decayed material is trapped beneath sedimentary rock layers. |
| Fold (Anticline) Trap | The up fold or anticline in earth's crust from the reservoir - Oil and gas formed in the source rock are pushed upward by the pressure of land fold. They are trapped by the cap rock above. Gas is the lightest so it lies on top, next is oil, and then H2O. |
| Fault Trap | The vertical movement of the earth's crust forms a v-shaped reservoir - Oil and gas are formed in the source rock. Oil, gas, and water are forced up into porous reservoir rock. Gas is on top because its lightest, followed by oil and water. They are trapped by cap rock on both sides. |
| Salt Done Trap | The salt done forms an up-fold in the earth's crust not unlike the anticline caused by tectonic forces - Oil and gas are formed in source rock. Oil, gas, and H2O move up into porous reservoir. Gas is on top because it's the lightest, then oil and water go after. They are trapped by cap rock on both sides, and the salt done also acts as cap rock. |
| Limestone Reef Trap | Has a former limestone reef as its porous rock feeding the reservoir - Formed in the source rock, oil and gas are pushed up into the reservoir rock, along with H2O. gas floats on top because it is less dense, and then followed by oil and water. It is trapped by the cap rock that surrounds. |
| Submersible | Rests on columns attached to pontoons. Once towed to site pontoons flooded until platform rests on ocean bottom Restricted by depth to 20m No storage capability |
| Jack-up | Supported by legs resting of sea floor Built to replace drill ships Access to deeper water restricted to 100m More open to elements To relocate, "legs" must be lifted (time consuming, under hazardous conditions No storage capability |
| Anchored Semi-Submersible | Allows to get into deeper water (200m) & heavy seas Partial submergence to keep it stable To maintain stability water pumped in or out of pontoons Oil stored in pontoons |
| Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersible | Can reach depths up to 2000m In unstable conditions can detach quickly Easy to relocate Partially submerged to keep it stable Stores oil in pontoons To maintain stability water is pumped in or out of pontoons |
| OPEC | O - organization of the P - petroleum E - exporting C - countries Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Indonesia Libya, The United Arab Emirates, Algeria and Nigeria. |
| Primary Industry | An industry involve in obtaining raw materials These are the industries which take the raw materials from the Earth Examples: Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Oil |
| Secondary Industry | An industry involve in processing raw materials at the first stage of manufacturing These are the industries which take the raw materials from the Earth Examples: Forestry, Fishing, Mining, Oil Primary Manufacturing: produces usable products from raw materials For example, Wood is processed into pulp and paper Secondary Manufacturing uses the products of primary manufacturing to make other products For example, Paper is used to produce newspaper and books |
| Tertiary Industry | is a service industry. Provides services such as transportation and retail outlets Examples: Waiter, Fast Food, Workers, Doctor, Nurse, Teacher, Taxi Driver etc |
| Quaternary Industry | An industry provide information services like research and computer technology Examples: ICT, information technology consultants |
| Natural Change | Increase in population = births and immigration Decrease in population = deaths and emigration Natural Change = difference in births & deaths Natural Increase occurs when there are more births than deaths Natural Decrease occurs when there are more deaths than births |
| Net Migration | Difference between immigration and emigration |
| Actual Change | (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration) |
| Population Pyramids | Population pyramids are graphs that show the age structure of a population by age & gender |
| Classifying Population Pyramids | 1. Expansive or expanding population pyramids 2. Stationary or Stable population pyramids 3. Contractive or contracting population pyramids |
| Push and Pull Factors | Push Factor - The economic and political considerations that influence an immigrant's choice of destination. Pull Factor - The economic and political considerations that influence a person's decision to emigrate |
| Cultural Imprints | The effects of culture, either physical or social, on the environment. |
| Social Imprints | The way people behave. (Example: Customs, language, and religion.) ◦ First language - the language someone learns to speak first. ◦ Primary language - the language most commonly spoken in a country. |
| Physical Imprints | Are the ways in which people affect their surroundings. (Example: Architecture, restaurants, and specialty shops.) ◦ Ethnic neighborhoods - an area with a unique cultural flavor. Shares common cultural and ethnic characteristics. ◦ Culture clash - feeling of isolation people experience when they move to a new environment where things are unfamiliar. |
| Multiculturalism and Cultural Mosaic VS. Assimilation and Melting Pot | Multiculturalism: ◦ A social system in which people of different ethnic backgrounds are encouraged to maintain their traditions and customs. Cultural Mosaic: ◦ A society in which ethnic groups retain their cultural heritage. Assimilation: ◦ When all ethnic groups are encouraged to blend into a single dominant culture. Also known as a Melting Pot. |
| Urban VS. Rural | Urban - A community if 100 or more people, or where there is a density of at least 1000 person per 1km2 Rural - An area that is well removed from large urban centres |
| Physical blight | ◦ The physical decay of buildings and neighbourhoods ◦ Grace Hospital |
| Functional blight | ◦ The negative effect that results when an area is no longer used for its original purpose ◦ Topsil Road, Doyles Road |
| Frictional blight | ◦ The co- existence of two or more disagreeable types of land use ◦ Subdivision next to a farm |
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