1.
Allele: one form of a gene
2.
Artificial Selection: humans choose which animals/plants will reproduce, based on their favorite traits. The point is ti get more individuals in the population with the desired variations
3.
Assortative Mating: preference for mates with variations similar to their self (color, size, etc)
4.
Behavioral Isolation: courtship/mating rituals differ too greatly
5.
Bottleneck effect: population size decreases quickly, usually from natural disaster. Only some individual's genes get passed on which leads to less genetic variability and greater chance of extinction.
6.
camouflage: organism "blends into" a nonliving object
7.
Directional Selection: when one extreme variation of a trait is fitter than the other extreme or the average. the result is that the average variation shifts towards fitter extreme over several generations
8.
Disruptive Selection: the average trait is less fit than the extremes and both extremes are equally fit due to the enviroment providing different resources. The result is the single curve becoming 2 curves for 2 distinct phenotypes.
9.
Evolution: change in a species/population over time. In genetic terms its the change in the relative frequency of alleles in a species/population over time.
10.
Fitness: adaptations/characteristics which make an individual good at "winning" competitions and surviving in its enviroment
11.
Fossil: preserved remains of ancient organisms
12.
Founder Effect: (a type of bottleneck) a few individuals from a population establish an isolated new population; their allele frequency is different from the original populations allele frequency.
13.
gamete incompatibility: sperm and egg cannot fuse
14.
Gene: section of DNA that codes for a protein
15.
Gene Pool: all the alleles in a population
16.
Gene Shuffling: changes the combination of alleles and sometimes the phenotype but not the relative frequency of alleles in a population. It Occurs during Gamete formation and fertilization
17.
Genetic Divergence: genetice differences have become so great that they no longer interbreed and/or are unable to produce fertile offspring
18.
Genetic Drift: a chance event changes the population's allele frequency.
19.
Genetic Equilibrium: condition in which the frequency of alleles in a population remains the same over generations
20.
Genetic Variation: slight differences in genes of individuals in a population. the sources of it are mutations and gene shuffling.
21.
geographic isolation: physical barrier prevents contact
22.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle: This states that if allele frequencies are not changing in a population, the population will not evolve and it is said to be in genetic equilibrium as long as several conditions are met:
1. Random mating
2. Large Population
3. No gene flow between populations
4. No Mutations
5. No Natural Selection
23.
Harem breeding: only some males get to mate
24.
hybrid infertiliy: can't pass on genes
25.
hybrid inviability: early abortion
26.
Limited Mobility: most individuals in a population are most likely to breed with nearby mates
27.
mechanical isolation: physically, mating is impossible
28.
Migration: also known as gene flow between populations; carries alleles between populations of new species
29.
Mimicry: organisme resembles another organism
30.
Mutations: change in DNA's base sequence. the causes are replication errors, radiation, and chemicals. The outcomes of these may or may not affect traits, and if it does the affects may be helpful, harmful, or harmless to the organism's fitness
31.
Natural Selection: Genetic change occurs in populations not individuals
32.
Poly Genic Traits: There are many possible phenotype combinations and the graph has a normal distribution (Bell Curve). Examples: Skin color and Birth Weight.
33.
Relative Frequency: number of times an allele occurs in a population, compared to another allele; reported as a percent
34.
Sexual Selection: A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
35.
Single-Gene Traits: 2 or 3 possible phenotypes. Uses a Bar graph usually depending on the allele frequency. Examples: Widow's peak and PTC tasting.
36.
Speciation: formation of a new species. A species must have a group of individuals that do or can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Species also have a common anscestor.
37.
Species: a group of organisms which look similar, interbreed in nature, and produce fertile offspring.
38.
Stabilizing Selection: the average variation of the trait is fitter, and the two extremes are not fit, due to two opposing forces. the result: narrower curve; average frequency increases and the average extreme decreases
39.
temporal isolation: different breeding seasons
40.
Variation: slight physical, behavioral, or biochemical differences in individuals in a population
41.
Variation: slight differences among individuals in a population
42.
Warning Coloration: also called Aposematic Coloration; organism is brightly colored to be conspicuous to predators
