|
 1. Flapper | A 1920's term used to describe a new type of young woman; rebellious, energetic, and bold. |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions |
| Dada | a nihilistic art movement (especially in painting) that flourished in Europe early in the 20th century |
| Prohibition | a law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages |
| Speakeasies | Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally |
| Abstract | dealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intention |
| surrealism | a 20th-century artistic movement that focuses on the workings of the unconscious mind |
| Maginot Line | String of steel and concrete bunkers along the German border from Belgium to Switzerland set up by the British and French |
| general strike | (1926) strike by workers in many different industries at the same time, lasted nine days and involved three million |
| Federal Reserve | controls America's money supply, by controlling the interest rates of banks, also america's central bank |
| New Deal | President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. |
| Kellog-Briand Pact | Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another |
| overpopulation | The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. |
| Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s |
| Disarmament | the reduction of armed forces and weapons |
| finance | the commercial activity of providing funds and capital |
| FDR | Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms |
| Proletariat | marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
| soviet | one of the local representative councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II |
| Cheka | The re-established tsarist secret police, which hunted down and executed thousands of real or suspected foes, sowing fear and silencing opposition. |
| commissar | communist party offiials assigned to the army to teach party principles and unsure party loyalty |
| Tsar Nicholas II | Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin. In WWI ordered a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary, forcing a chain reaction of mobilization. |
| Gregory Rasputin | a self-described "holy man" who claimed to have magical healing powers; eased Alexis' symptoms; made key political decisions; opposed reform and obtained powerful positions for his friends; murdered by nobles |
| V.I. Lenin | leader of the Bolsheviks that believed that only violent revolution could destroy the capitalist system; said a "vanguard" (forefront) of activists must form a small party of well-disciplined professional revolutionaries to accomplish the task (see book for further information--page 735) |
| Command econom | ... |
| kulaks | Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class. |
| socialist realism | artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light |
| atheism | a lack of belief in the existence of God or gods |
| Collectives | large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group |
| Gulag | ... |
| 5-Year Plans | Stalin outlined the first of several Five-Year Plans for the development of the Soviet Union's economy. The Five-Year Plans set impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals, to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, the government limited production of consumer goods. As a result, people faced severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods. |
| russification | the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire |
| Commintern | the soviet government came to help the Chinese revolution and tell them how to do what they did |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786) |
| March on Rome | (1922) This was originally in order to force King Victor Emmanuel III to give Mussolini power in the government. In the end, however, the Fascists completely conquered Rome, including the Squadristi, and so the march became a show of power for Mussolini, who became Prime Minister shortly thereafter. |
| fascism | a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition |
| Black Shirts | Mussolini's private army who helped him violently attack socialists and bring about his fascist regime |
| totalitarian state | a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens |
| Chancellor | legal official of high rank; CF. chancellery(chancellory): position of a chancellor |
| Mein Kampf | 'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession |
| Third Reich | Hitler abolished the Weimar Republic and totally disregarded the Treaty of Versailles and in its place created the third reich or third reign. |
| Nuremberg Laws | Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. |
| Ruhr Valley | The originally German controlled coal-rich valley, later France-occupied, leading miners to go on strike, resulting in the German government in printing additional money to pay the miners, leading to inflation. |
| Gestapo | the secret police force of the German nazi state, notorious for its terrorism and brutality |
| Adolf Hitler | This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces. |
| Hirohito | emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II |
| ultranationalists | extreme nationalists |
| Manchuria | Province in northeast China invaded by Japan in September 1931 |
| Appeasement | Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability. |
| Pacifism | opposition to all war |
| Neutrality Acts | Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. |
| Axis Powers | in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936. |
| Francisco Franco | Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975) |
| Anschluss | The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. |
| Sudetenland/Munich Pact | Give Sudetenland (region of Czechoslovakia) to Germany to appease Hitler (avoid war) |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | Hitler and Joseph Stalin agreed not to attack each other but divided Poland for an easy win, but Germany didn't keep true to their word and attacked Stalin later |
| Blitzkrieg/Poland | Germany attacks on Poland on Sept. 1, 1939- starting WWII. Like Ethiopia, German tanks and airplanes vs. Polish cavalry and rifles. Blitzkrieg "lighting war" stuns the Poles and rest of the world. Poland is defeated before France and Britain come to their aid. Two days later GB and France declare war on Germany. In late September 1939 Poland was spilt in half by Hitler and Stalin. |
| Luftwaffe | German Airforce |
| Dunkirk | a city in northern France on the North Sea where in World War II (1940) 330,000 Allied troops had to be evacuated from the beaches at Dunkirk in a desperate retreat under enemy fire |
| Vichy | Puppet state established by Germany in southern france after the German invasion |
| Battle of Britain | the prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe during World War II and the aerial combat that accompanied it |
| General Rommel | Field Marshall Erwin Rommel was one of the most celebrated Nazi commanders during World War II, a sly tactician whose exploits in North Africa earned him the nickname "The Desert Fox." |
| German invasion of USSR | in 1941 the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in direct opposition to the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact, believing that if they caught the Soviets off guard then they could easily occupy the country with little collateral |
| Concentration camps | prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. |
| Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. |
| Stages of Holocaust | ... |
| Lend-Lease Act | Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States." |
| Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. |
| Aircraft Carrier | a large warship that carries planes and has a long flat deck for take-offs and landings. It played a major role in the pacific theater of WW2. |
| Dwight Eisenhower | leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion-elected president-president during integration of Little Rock Central High School |
| El Alamein | Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793) |
| Stalingrad | City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793) |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. |
| Yalta Conference | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War |
| V-E Day | May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered |
| Bataan Death March | April 1942, American soldiers were forced to march 65 miles to prison camps by their Japanese captors. It is called the Death March because so may of the prisoners died en route. |
| Douglas MacArthur | United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II |
| Battle of Midway | U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795) |
| Island-hoping | method of warfare used by the U.S. navy of attacking and seizing only strategic islands held by the Japanese |
| Kamikaze | a fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in World War II |
| Manhattan Project | Code name given to the development of the US atomic bomb during World War II. Work on the bomb was carried out in great secrecy by a team including US physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer. The first test took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the next month the US Air Force dropped bombs on Japan. |
| Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797) |
| Nagasaki | site of 2nd Atomic Bomb, killing 40,000+ Japanease citizens |
| Nuremburg Trials | Series of trials in 1945 conducted by an International Military Tribunal in which former Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and war crimes |
| United Nations | International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. |
| Cold War | This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years. |
| Iron Curtain | term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line dividing Communist countries in the Soviet bloc from countries in Western Europe during the Cold War |
| Truman Doctrine | President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology |
| Marshall Plan | Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries |
| Warsaw Pact | treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania |
| Super powers | nations with enough military, political, and economic strength to influence events worldwide (the US and Russia during the cold war era) |
| Anti-ballistic missiles | A defensive missile designed to intercept and destroy a ballistic missile in flight. Also called ABM. |
| Ronald Reagan | first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. |
| Détente | A thaw in Cold War relations between the United States and Soviet Union from 1969-1975, highlighted by the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) treaty and the Helsinki Accords |
| Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba |
| John f. Kennedy | president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later. |
| Ideology | an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Stalin's successor, wanted peaceful coexistence with the U.S. Eisenhower agreed to a summit conference with Khrushchev, France and Great Britain in Geneva, Switzerland in July, 1955 to discuss how peaceful coexistence could be achieved. |
| Leonid Brezhnev | Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. He gave up the rule of the party only when he died in 1982 |
| Containment | American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world |
| Chinese Civil War | War between communist Mao Zse Tong and nationalist Chaing-Kai Shek. The communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to Taiwan |
| Collectivization | combining small farms into large, factory-like farms run by the government. |
| Great Leap Forward | China's second five-year plan under the leadership of the impatient Mao, it aimed to speen up economic development while simultaneously developing a completely socialitst society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960. |
| Cultural Revolution/ | Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. |
| Red Guards | Militia units formed by young chinese people in 1966 in response to mao zedongs call for social and cultural revolution |
| Mao Zedong | Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789) |
| Korean War | Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836) |
| 38th parallel | Line that divided Korea - Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War. |
| Kim II Sung | created the Communist government of North Korea and has existed since World War II and ruled North Korea as a dictator today |
| Syngman Rhee | Imprisoned by the Japanese, then came to America and studied at Harvard and Princeton; Struggled for Korean freedom for 50 years and was elected president of South Korea |
| Pusan Perimeter | Location of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter. Defined by the furthest advance by North Korean forces during the Korean War. American and South Korean forces halt North Korea's advance to the South |
| Demilitarized zone | A buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. No military is involved. |
| Vietnam War | a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States |
| Guerrillas | small bands of fighters who weaken the enemy with surprise raids and hit-and-run attacks |
| Ho Chi Minh | 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable |
| Dinbienphu | ... |
| Domino theory | the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control |
| Viet Cong | A communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam |
| Tet offensive | surprise attacks by North Vietnam on cities all over South Vietnam |
| Khmer Rouge | Communist Guerillas who, led by Pol Pot, took over Cambodia and unleashed a reign of terror |
| Pol Pot | Leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, who terrorized the people of Cambodia throughout the 1970's |
| Mujahedin | Muslim fighters. The best-known were the various loosely aligned Afghan opposition groups, which initially rebelled against the incumbent pro-Soviet (DRA) government during the late 1970s. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863) |
| Glasnost | Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union. |
| Perestrokia | mikhail gorbachev's plan to reform the soviet union by restructing the economy |
| Lech Walesa | A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995. |
| Solidarity | Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863) |
| Vaclev Havel | a writer and former dissident leader who became the new president in Czechoslovakia |
| Nicolae Ceausescu | he was an iron-fisted communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and he had long combined Stalinist brutality with stubborn independence from Moscow. Soon his forces were defeated, him and his wife were captured and executed by a military court. The coalition government emerged from the fighting, although the legacy of Ceausescu's oppression left a very troubled country. (1040) |
| Deng Xiaoping | Chinese Communist leader after Mao; Allows elements of capitalism, increases interactions with foreign countries |
| Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. |
| Balfour Declaration | British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI. |
| kibbutz | a type of settlement in Israel in which the community shares all wealth and property |
| Occupied Territories | Land taken by Israel 6 days War 1967 Golan Heights (Syria) West bank Jordan Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip Egypt |
| Yasir Arafat | First leader of PLO- Palestinian liberation organization. Used aggressive terrorism to try to destroy Israel. Very actice throughout the 1970's and 1980's. To try to make peace with Israel, was put incharge of Palestinean Authority (PA). |
| Intifada | an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000 |
| Yitzhak Rabin | The Israeli prime minister who agreed to grant the Palestinians their own land. In 1995 he was killed by Jewish extremists |
| Jersusalem | religious and political center of life of the jewish people |
| secular | Worldly; not connected with a church or religion. |
| hejab | head covering, traditional form of dress worn by Muslim women |
| Suez Canal | Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882 |
| Gamal Abdel Nasser | Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies |
| Anwar Sadat | Former President of Egypt (1st Arab leader to recognize and make peace with Israel) He was assassinated Oct. 6 1981 for making peace with Israel. |
| Mohammad Mosaddeq | He was the prime minister - backed by the people and especially the communist party - and the face of nationalism of Iran. he was authoritarian and is one of the original causes for Iran shifting towards a more communistic society and away from imperialism |
| Ruhollah Khomeini | "Ayatollah" was an Iranian religious leader and scholar, politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the late Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, until his death. |
| theocracy | a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided) |
| Saudi Arabia | Oil-rich kingdom bordering Iraq to the south. The ruling family is considered the protector and custodian of Mecca and Medina, the holiest sites in Islam. |
| Saddam Hussein | As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, p |
| No-fly zones | The United States, Britain, and France unilaterally established two no-fly zones in Iraq. The Northern no-fly zone was established in April 1991 to protect the Kurds. The Southern no-fly zone was established in August 1992 to protect the Shiite rebels. |
| weapons of mass destruction | nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once |
| insurgents | groups who participate in armed rebellion against some established authority, government, or administration with the hope that those in power will retreat. |