Psychology Mid-Term 4: Abnormal Psychology
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phishphriend on June 7, 2011
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Explanations: Psychoanalytic | people behave abnormally because id has overpowered the superego (ex. rape - sexual aggression overpowers social morals) |
| Explanations: Learning/Behaviorist | improper alignment between behavior and consequence (ex. cutting brings relief instead of pain) |
| Explanations: Humanistic | discrepancy between self and ideal self; as selves pushed apart, may feel/act in different ways (ex. depression) |
| Explanations: Cognitive | erroneous thoughts lead to disordered behavior (ex. believe aliens exist, behave differently to "avoid" aliens (woman who puts metal bowl on head)) |
| Explanations: Physiological | something wrong with the structure/function of the brain or nervous system |
| anxiety disorder | most common disorder in population (>50 million in US); women 2x's as likely than men to develop; most common onset is between ages 11 and 17, average age is 24 |
| agoraphobia | fear of being in places/situations from which escape would be difficult or help is unavailable; often avoid public transportation, crowds, long lines; some may become uncomfortable leaving house alone; approximately 90% of extreme cases are women |
| social phobia | fear of being judged by others or of acting in a way that might lead to humiliation or embarrassment; a shy person will adapt with time and practice, but a social phobic won't ever adapt; they cannot relax or get comfortable; leads to fear of prospect of any social or professional encounter |
| simple phobia | disproportionate fear of a specific object/situation; tend to fear what they cannot control; programmed to learn this certain phobia; often reinforced by reduction in anxiety once situation is avoided; fall into 4 general categories: - fear of insects or animals (spiders, dogs) - fear of natural disasters/environment (thunder, earthquakes) - fear of blood, illness - fear of dangerous situations (heights, fire) |
| Anxiety state: panic disorder | brief; lasts less than 1 month; fairly constant state of anxiety for no reason, that is punctuated by a sudden escalation of anxiety; may feel restless, tense, fatigued; the occurrence of several panic attacks leads to fearing fear itself |
| Anxiety state: generalized panic disorders | lasts at least a month; characterized as out of control, free floating feelings; persistent exaggerated worries that something terrible may happen; results in a difficulty concentrating, lack of focus, muscular tension, and sleeplessness |
| PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) | stressor usually severe and traumatic (ex. war/rape); trauma is persistently re-experienced as strongly as the initial event; characterized by an increased arousal, chronic tension, and irritability, impaired concentration, haunting memories/nightmares, insomnia, inability to relax or tolerate noise, depression; avoids stimuli associated with the trauma and may even withdraw from social contact |
| OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) | - persistent preoccupation with idea - irresistible impulse to engage in a ritualistic act - most commonly centers around cleaning (ex. hand washing) or checking (ex. if windows are locked, check trash cans for babies), but may also center avoiding cracks in floors, passing through doorways a specific number of times, organizing things symmetrically, or collecting things - although realize the act is irrational, they can't seem to control it and the harder they try to prevent a thought, the more intrusive it becomes - often lessens with age |
| Mood Disorders: situational | has a known cause; with time, you will get over it; it's normal (ex. failed test, break-up, divorce, death) |
| Mood Disorder: clinical | lasts for most of the day, day after day; no obvious cause; depression persists even if life starts going well |
| unipolar depression (Major Depressive Disorder) | - average age of first onset of major depression: 25-30 years - 6.1% of people develop major depression in lifetime (23.1% of people develop some symptoms); 74% recover within a year, but 80% likelihood of reoccurrence - genetics account for 40-70% of risk of depression; depression is 2-5x's more common among the close relatives of a depressed person than in populations at large; even more common in relatives of those who develop depression before age 30 - 2x's more common in women than men (maybe...) - stress related events may kick off 50% of all depression and early life stress may prime people for later depression by increasing reactivity to that stressful trigger - appear to have serotonin and norepinephrine deficit (and dopamine); a "power failure" of prefrontal cortex (lessening the electrical impulse and blood), and increased blood flow in amygdala (all of which impede establishing and maintaining positive feelings and increased influence of negative ones) |
| unipolar disorder: symptoms | - mood: sadness, fear, loneliness, rejection, isolation, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt - cognitive: low self-esteem, pessimism, decreased motivation, loss of interest, lack of control and enjoyment, exaggeration of problem, slow thinking/concentration, cognitive errors (misinterpret facts in negative way), focus on negative aspects, dichotomous thinking (black and white thinking) - motoric: changes in energy level (restlessness or lethargy), monotone speech, slouching, blank stare - somatic: irregular/disturbed sleeping, disturbed appetite, lowered sex drive |
| depression in teens | - depression is most commonly from an emotional problem in adolescents (prefrontal lobe is under developed, amygdala on over-drive, hormones from pituitary) - up to 8% of American teens suffer from severe depression, and about 20% of high school students have seriously considered suicide - many adults miss symptoms in teens because they erroneously think that all teens are moody and oppositional by nature; many teens don't look sad, but instead: are irritable; easily angered; turn to alcohol/drugs; underachieve in school; have changeable moods - early untreated depression increases the chances of developing more serious depression as an adult, as well as developing bipolar/personality disorders |
| bipolar disorder (Manic-Depressive Disorder) | - alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania; cycle may last a day to a month - affects 1% of population (2.3 million Americans) and afflicts men and women equally (but up to 10-30% of children of bipolar parents may develop it themselves; they often begin exhibiting symptoms earlier with more severe symptoms than parents, genetic link of bipolar) - average age of onset has fallen from 30's to late teens in a generation, experts estimate that there may be an additional 1 million children/preteens suffering from early stages - recreation drug use is one of greatest risk factors, especially stimulants - sufferers are 3x the rate of alcoholism and drug-abuse rate as does the general population, and may have suicide rates near 20% |
| bipolar disorder: symptoms | - mood: typically euphoric and elevated, but with fluctuating self-esteem, irritation, impatience, and even aggression if ideas or actions are thwarted - cognitive: extremely confident/optimistic; uninhibited with bursts of creativity, but also impulsive; characterized by a short attention span, extreme risk taking, errors in judgement, flights of fantasy; often will believe there are no limits to their abilities and don't recognize painful consequences of trying to carry out their reckless investments, spending sprees, or unsafe sex - motoric: hyperactivity, over-talkativeness, rambling speech - somatic: decreased sleep, sometimes hyper-sexual |
| bipolar disorder: symptoms in kids | - in morning, they are more difficult to rouse, and act either irritably or sullen/withdrawn - by midday, they enjoy a few clear hours, allowing them to focus - by afternoon, they may become wild, wired, euphoric; laugh too loudly and play aggressively, cannot settle down, and often throw tantrums, wildness often continues into the night - if child is misdiagnosed with ADHD and prescribed Ritalin, it can deepen an existing cycle or trigger a new one - perhaps 15% of kids diagnosed with ADHD are actually bipolar; 50% of kids diagnosed as depressed may be bipolar |
| SAD (Seasonal Affect Disorder) | - depression with a seasonal pattern: winter variety is most common hitting in December or January because of shorter days (less light stimulation to pineal gland produces less serotonin, which affects mood); SAD may affect people who work night shifts or live in northernmost hemisphere - people tend to sleep and eat excessively during their depressed periods |
| eating disorders: signs | food and weight control: - obsessive preoccupation with weight, food, calories, dieting - claims of "feeling fat" when weight is normal/very low - excessive guilt and shame about eating - frequent weighing - hoarding food - enjoying cooking for others and not eating it yourself - use of diet pills - increased gum chewing - use of laxatives (poop), diuretics (peeing), emetics (vomit) (more commonly a symptom of bulimia than anorexia) - secretive vomiting (more commonly a symptom of bulimia) personality and emotions: - moodiness, irritability - depression - inflexibility/resistance to change in routine - low self-esteem - perfectionism - chronic dissatisfaction with self, regardless of level of performance - social withdrawal and intolerance of others - over-sensitivity to criticism - extreme concern about appearance both physical and behavioral |
| anorexia | demographic: - adolescents - 30's - almost exclusively women (almost 95% women) - limited almost entirely to US - more common in upper-middle class and upper class therapy: there really isn't any psychotherapy; may work somewhat to address self-esteem issues |
| anorexia: signs | - significant weight loss in the absence of illness - extremely thin appearance - signs of starvation: thinning of hair; appearance of fine, raised white hair on face/body; gastrointestinal troubles; yellowish appearance on palms/soles of feet - dieting with enthusiasm when not heavy - amenorrhea in women (loss of period - to prevent from getting pregnant) - unusual eating habits: prefer foods of certain texture/color; compulsively arranging food; unusual mixtures of food - obsessive prolonged exercise despite weakness, fatigue, illness - complaints of feeling bloated or nauseated after eating a small or normal amount - becoming tired/apathetic - coarser skin - fragile bones - heart may weaken and organs may fall (5% die) |
| anorexia: causes | - pressure from parents who are successful, attractive, thin, demanding, critical - "good kids" with low self-esteem try to be perfectionists - society's standard of beauty changed in the 80's to unrealistic boyish figures with big boobs - distorted body image (put more faith in what they feel than what they see, so think they're fat when incredibly thin) - starvation causes your body to produce endorphins so you feel great, therefore anorexia is addictive |
| bulimia | demographics: - people a bit overweight and really like food - often have family member(s) who is overweight - more common in middle/lower middle class therapy: drugs that increases serotonin levels works well |
| bulimia: signs | - evidence of binge-eating - habitual overeating in response to stress - frequent weight fluctuations of 10 pounds or more - prone to eating foods without preparing them (dough, canned frosting, etc) - evidence of purging, frequent fasting, excessive exercise - swelling of glands under jaw - frequent dental problems |
| bulimia: causes | - society - distorted body image - vomiting brings in a surge of endorphins and is therefore addictive (because you need to vomit after eating poisonous/spoiled foods) |
| substance abuse and dependence | nearly all addictive drugs stimulate the brain's dopamine synapse after using an individual doesn't return to normalcy, they go as low as they went high - average age kids begin drinking is 12.5 years and it is estimated that 25% of teens have serious drinking problems; those who begin drinking at 15 or before have a 4x more likely chance to develop dependence than those that begin at 21 - alcoholism is 2x as common in men as in women and men are more likely to binge drink, but women are more quickly catching up in rate - genetics plays a role in predisposition to alcoholism, but the size of that role is debated - experience greater stress reducing effects from alcohol than other men of the same age; are slower to recognize the signs of intoxication and will continue drinking |
| substance abuse and dependence: definition | 1. whether drug seeking behavior is compulsive and beyond the control of the user - craving ("liking" --> "wanting" --> "needing" --> "requiring") - can't stop when one needs or want to do so 2. if substance is causing trouble in user's life or "cudac," continued use despite adverse consequences |
| substance abuse and dependence: development risk | in addition to family history, the incidence of alcoholism in greater in families with: - poor child supervision or condoning attributes - marked by conflict (between parents, between parents and kids) or when an individual has: - a tendency to boredom - anxiety or depression - a history of sexual trauma - a lack of an effective way to manage stress |
| treating addiction (alcoholism) | - Alcoholics Anonymous (50% abstain from drinking for 18 months): 12-step self-help program; strong spiritual focus; provide a "sponsor" - antabuse: alcoholics take a pill daily, then if they drink, they become violently ill (with heated face, headache, nausea, blurred vision, high anxiety) to create an association between the alcohol and sickness - relearning to drink in moderation is not possible for most - many alcoholics need to make permanent changes in their lives, both socially and in their environment, if they are to successfully abstain from drinking |
| suicide | - 3rd leading cause of death for 15-24 year olds, up 200% over the past 4 decades - attempts are 100x greater than completions; it is estimated 30,000 people commit a year, 5,000 of them young people, therefore an estimated 500,000 adolescents attempt suicide a year - suicide cuts across all gender, racial, socio-economic lines, but rates among whites are 2x increased than African-Americans, and are higher for the rich, the non-religious, gay/lesbian youth, those who are single, divorced, widowed; women attempt 3x more than men, but men are 3x more likely to complete the act - those who have been depressed have 5x risks of suicide as the general population and 1/3 of those who take their lives have made an attempt previously; drug/alcohol abuse also a major risk factor |
| suicide: reasons teens commit | - depression (single greatest risk factor) - feelings of loss (of self-esteem, a loved one, etc) - tendency to view life as an all-or-nothing proposition - glamorizing a pain-free existence afterward |
| suicide: warning signals | - symptoms of depression, including changes in personality or behavior - recent feelings of loss - social withdrawal and loss of interest in things previously important to them - feelings of overwhelming guilt or self-hatred - no hope for the future - risky behaviors including drug/alcohol abuse - loss of religious faith - unexplained, sudden recovery from severe depression - giving away valued possessions/putting affairs in order - suicidal statements: "you would be better off without me..." "you'll be sorry you treated me this way..." "no one cares about me anymore..." "I can't do this anymore.." - doing research on suicide - suicidal impulses or attempts |
| atypical sexual behavior: rape | definition: sexual intercourse that occurs under physical or threatened circumstances; penetration of vagina/anus by penis/object - lack of consent/unable to give consent (drunk/disabled) likelihood: women - 10% by stranger; 25% by someone they know |
| rape: psychosocial basis of... | rape prone societies: - tolerate/glorify masculine violence - encourage boys to be aggressive/competition - all male gathering spots - marked by greater economic/political power by men |
| rape: characteristics of rapists | - teens or 20's - have been drinking - often have friends who are involved in/talk about "rough sex" - label certain women as targets - traditional values about women (women's place is home/sex object) - usually attack victims of same age/race as self - history of child abuse - history of other sexual offenses - long history of fantasizing about rape - unattractive - power and dominance usually involved, also sexual desire |
| rape: types - anger | - motivated by rage/contempt for women - long history of hostility toward women - see rape as revenge for humiliation by women - no sexual gratification involved - physical violence is excessive - women often physically beaten attacks regularly - victim usually a stranger - triggered by event during day |
| rape: types - power | - motivated to dominate victim - sexual gratification is secondary motive - overwhelming sense of failure - often doesn't want to physically harm, but control, usually premeditative, repetitive |
| rape: types - sadistic | sexualized anger, power, or both - anger:victim tortured - power: victim put under ritualistic acts for sexual gratification often watch pornography |
| rape: types - sexual gratification | use no more force than needed to accomplish goal; if more force needed, may stop |
| rape: types - impulse | anti-social disorder; in process of another crime; rape of convenience |
| rape: types - gang | initiation into gang, middle/upper class white men or fraternities - women passed out, take turns having sex |
| rape: types - husband | estranged couple (only 18/50 states) |
| rape: types - war | as revenge for the death of war comrade; rape of women of other side |
| rape: types - prison | man rapes another man to establish dominance in prison system |
| rape: types - by women | obnoxious, drunk man brags about himself, women takes him and "teaches him a lesson" - usually with object |
| schizophrenia | -"split mind": there is only one personality, but there is a division between intellectual and emotional aspects the personality or a split between reality and fantasy -affects 1% of population (2.5 million Americans) -especially in densely populated areas of cities; rare in the tropics; more common in those who are born in the winter and early spring -usually diagnosed in teens or 20's (1st diagnosis is rare after 30 and unheard of after 45) -hits men and women equally -onset is sometimes sudden, but is usually gradual -most described as strange children (short attention span, few friends) |
| schizophrenia: symptoms | -deterioration of daily activity -hallucinations: sensory experiences that don't correspond to outside stimulus: most hear voices, visually hallucinations are rare, but some have distorted or exaggerated visual experiences, brain scans of schizophrenics show that sections of the brain are activated in response to their hallucinations; acts to brain, think its real -delusions: unfound beliefs: delusion of persecution: ("people out to get me"), delusion of grandeur: (belief the one is unusually important), delusion of references: tendency to interpret all sorts of messages as if they were ment for ones self -incoherent speech ("word salad") -thought disorders: use loose associations -grossly disorganized behavior: loss of normal emotional responses and social behavior: little sign of emotion |
| schizophrenia: types | -disorganized: incoherent speech and inappropriate, often silly, emotion. the individual may be extremely withdrawn and behavior may include odd grimaces and mannerisms -catatonic: bizarre physical movements, ranging form motionless stupor to violent hyperactivity and sometimes alternating between these two extremes -paranoid: delusions of persecution or grandeur. the individual may trust no one and may be anxious or angry about supposed tormentors -undifferentiated: delusions, hallucinations, and incoherence typical of schizophrenia; however, the individual does not neatly fit any of the other types -Residual: minor symptoms of schizophrenia lingering after a serious episode |
| trichotillomania | - estimated 6-8 million people in US suffer - 2% of students reported past or currently suffer - impulse control disorder - diagnostic criteria: --- recurrent pulling out of hair resulting in significant hair loss --- increased sense of tension immediately before hair pulling or when attempt to resist behavior --- pleasure, gratification, relief when pull hair ---- clinically significant distress - made worse by stress or relaxation (not paying attention) treatment: - awareness training: keep detailed records of situations, try to avoid situation - relaxation training: breathing techniques - competing response training: do something in replacement of hair pulling (ex. stress ball, cross hands) - drugs to combat depression/stress (SSRI, SNRI) |
| tourette syndrome | tic disorder: motor: - simple: fast, darting, meaningless movement (ex. eye blinking, shoulder shrugging) - complex: slower, might seem purposeful (ex. rolling eyes, kissing, pinching, tearing) phonic (vocal): - simple: meaningless sound (ex. coughing, clearing throat) - complex: linguistic, meaningful sounds (ex. "alright," "shut up") symptoms vary in frequency and intensity diagnostic criteria: - onset before 21 years old - recurrent, involuntary, rapid, purposeless muscle movement - one or more vocal tics - variations in intensity over weeks to months (waxing/waning) - lasts more than one year tic impulse accompanied by tension and anxiety (before/during) often had ADHD and/or OCD - 50% of people with tourettes also have ADHD, OCD may be expression of tourettes gene genetic: - believe affects 1 in every 2,500 in complete form and 3x that number in partial expression - genetic disorder: believe parent with TS have 50/50 chance of passing on the gene, 75% that girls will express, 99% that boys will express (X-linked...recessive?) |
| personality disorders | definition: an inflexible and enduring pattern of behavior that impairs one's social functioning - cluster I: individuals often seem odd/eccentric - cluster II: behavior is dramatic, emotional, colorful, erratic, and impulsive - cluster III: anxiety and fearfulness are part of disorder, making them hard to distinguish from anxiety disorders 11 disorders, 10% of population |
| histrionic disorder | - cluster II - appear sincere and caring, but eventually they're shallow, attention-getting, dramatic, exaggerated display of emotion is seen as insincere - going to great lengths to gain others' praise and reassurance; over-concern with attractiveness - tendency to irritability and temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated - are typically immature, excitable, emotionally unstable - often exhibit dependence and helplessness |
| narcissistic disorder | - cluster II - socially successful and charming...BUT - preoccupied with self - need to receive attention and be admired by others, excessive efforts to make themselves look good - exaggerate one's own importance, self-promoting, success fantasies - appear knowledgeable, but information is limited to trivia; always ready to shift values to gain favor - insensitive to others, lacking empathy (ex. unable to see things through the eyes of others) - unable to stay in love, often don't let others be genuinely close to them or to be dependent on them - find criticism hard to accept, often reacting with rage or shame; disregard society's values and rules, commit crimes to avoid defeat - chronically fragile, low self-esteem, assert own self-worth so that they and others don't see their frailties - more frequently seen in men than in women; may not seek treatment because they see themselves as perfect and in no need of personal change |
| antisocial disorder | - cluster II - formally known as sociopath/psychopath - 3% of men, 1$ of women - for diagnosis, a person must have at least 3: --- lack of conscience; no remorse or loyalty after having hurt or mistreated another; no moral or ethical development; little feeling/fear --- manipulative and deceitful --- impulsive --- failure to conform to social norms (ex. commits irresponsible acts which violate the rights of others - lying stealing, fighting, unrestrained sexual behaviors) --- irritability, aggressiveness --- reckless disregard for safety of self or others --- consistent irresponsibility - superficial charm/charisma - grandiose sense of self-worth hat is compelling at first, but then odd and even laughable - superficial emotion; no major attachments; parasitic relationships with "friends," transient affection, no empathy - failure to acknowledge responsibility - need for stimulation - history of conduct problems as a child or young teen; may be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or may mutilate animals - difficult to reform (perhaps due to reduced activity in frontal lobe which helps control impulses) |
| borderline disorder | - cluster II - unstable identity - erratic emotions, drastic mood shifts, impulsive and unpredictable, inappropriate anger - chronic feelings of boredom, low tolerance for frustration - stormy relationships - self-destructive behaviors such as binges of gambling, sex, eating, shoplifting, alcohol use - attempts of self-mutilation or suicide |
| dependent disorder | - cluster III - extreme dependence on other people - subordinate of own needs in order to keep other involved in a relationship - acute discomfort, even panic at having to be along, difficulty separating in relationships - need for others to make major decisions - a lack of self-confidence and feelings of helplessness even when they are competent - adequate functioning as long as they aren't required to be on their own |
| passive-aggressive disorder | - cluster III - indirect, non-confrontational hostility towards the request of others - expresses hostilities indirectly through inconsiderations such as chronic lateness, stubbornness, and intentional inefficiency or forgetting |
| somatoform dissorder | -physical symptoms caused by psychological factors |
| conversion disorder | having one or more physical ailments, such as blindness or paralysis, caused at least in part by psychological factors, but not intentionally produced |
| hypochondriasis | repetitive, exaggerated complaints of illness - feel sick, but no actual virus/bacteria |
| somatization disorder | recurrent complaints of pain and other ailments that are apparently not due to any physical disorder |
| dissociative disorders | loss of a person's memory or identity, but not caused by brain damage. When a person's conscious awareness separated from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings for a prolonged period of time |
| dissociative amnesia | - usually begins as a response to intolerable psychological stress - a person may become somewhat disoriented and may forget who they are, but will remember how to drive, count, and talk - typically the amnesia vanishes as abruptly as it began and rarely recurs |
| dissociative fugue | - involves presumed forgetting of one's past (some are skeptical though) - includes fleeing one's home and identity for days, months, or years; one often establishes a new identity - when the person "awakens," they remember their old identities, but typically deny remembering what occurred during the fugue |
| dissociative identity disorder | (Multiple Personality Disorder) - having two or more distinct personalities that alternately control the person's behavior - one personality is usually restrained and dull, another more impulsive and uninhibited - each personality may have its own voice and mannerisms - the original personality typically denies awareness of the other(s), often a switch in personality is perceived as losing time - theories: --- defense against the anxiety caused by unacceptable impulses, behavior is reinforced by anxiety reduction --- a post traumatic, natural, protective response to extreme childhood trauma due to physical, sexual, or emotional abuse - skeptics wonder if disorder is a more extreme version of normal capacity to vary the "selves" we present, if it is contrived by "fantasy prone" people, or if it is developed out of the therapist patient interaction |
| DSM-IV | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (IV Edition): contains information on mental symptoms to determine a diagnosis for a disease; 400 categories; makes it easier to diagnose and treat someone, but can be too vague |
| autism: intro (not on review sheet) | -diagnosis falls along no racial, ethnic, social economic, or educational boundaries -predominantly male; 1-5 autistics are female -disorder is marked by wide range in severity of symptoms from mild to severe; 70% may have below-normal intelligence -most researchers believe that onset is due to a combination of genetic vulnerability and environmental factors |
| autism: common symptoms (not on review sheet) | -impaired communication: avoidance of eye contact, delays in language development, inability to read nonverbal language, unresponsive to verbal cues/acts as if he/she is deaf, difficulty starting and maintaining conversations, inability to understand implied meaning -difficulty relating to others: aloofness or social withdrawal, less responsive to playful interactions, lack of desire to share enjoyment, interests or achievement with others, inability to develop theory of mind (the realization that other people have thoughts and intentions that may differ from their own); lack of empathy, frequent tantrums -cognitive idiosyncrasies: delays in symbolic/imaginative play, preoccupied w/certain topics, often hyper focus on details but miss the big picture - high-systematizing ability: facility w/patterns or organization, strong in spatial and mechanical reasoning |
| autism: Asperger's syndrome (not on review sheet) | -similarities to autism: socially awkward; trouble reading body; lack of emotional intelligence; repetitive movement; inflexible rituals; might be sensitive to stimuli (such as aim light) that wouldn't bother interests; often obsessive interests -differences from autism: normal language development and advance vocabulary, although rhythm is irregular -intelligent w/rage-appropriate self-reliance -exceptionally talented in a specific area -whereas symptoms of autism usually appear before age 3, symptoms of Aspergers generally manifest themselves between 5 and 9 |
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