Biology Ch. 8 Vocab
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anchorage dependence | may keep cells that become separated from their normal surroundings from dividing inappropriately |
| density-dependent inhibition | cell division slows down as the cell population becomes denser |
| growth factor | a protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates cells in the vicinity to divide |
| cell cycle control system | cyclically operating set of proteins in the cell that both triggers and coordinates major events in the cell cycle |
| cancer cells | cells that do not have a properly functioning cell cycle control system and divide excessively |
| tumor | anormal mass of cells that comes from excessive growth (cancer cells) |
| benign tumor | abnormal mass of essentially normal cells |
| malignant tumor | mass of cancer cells that can spread |
| metastasis | spread of cancer cells beyond their original site |
| carcinomas | cancers that originate in the externalor internal coverings of the body such as skin or intestine lining |
| sarcomas | cancers in tissues that support the body such as bone and muscle |
| leukemias and lymphomas | cancers of bloodforming tissues such as bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes |
| life cycle | sequence of life stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next |
| sexual reproduction | reproductive process involving a sperm and an egg |
| genome | set of genetic material |
| asexual reproduction | reproductive process with one parent |
| chromosome | structure that contains DNA made of compacted chromatin |
| cell division | cellular reproduction |
| binary fission | asexual reproduction where cell divides into two equal individuals |
| chromatin | combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes |
| sister chromatid | identical part of a duplicated chromosome in a eukaryotic cell |
| centromere | region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids join |
| cell cycle | orderly sequence of events that extends from the time a cell divides to form two daughter cells to the time those daughter cells divide |
| interphase | period of metabolic activity in the eukaryotic cell cycle |
| mitosis | division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei |
| cytokinesis | division of a cell's cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
| mitotic phase | mitosis + cytokinesis |
| prophase | coiling of chromatin into chromosomes, formation of mitotic spindle, fragmentation of nuclear envelope |
| metaphase | attatchment of microtubules to kinetochores, centromeres and thus chromosomes line up on metaphase plate |
| anaphase | begins when the centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separation of sister chromatids into daughter chromosomes, spindle microtubules retract |
| telophase | daughter nuclei form, mitotic spindle disappears |
| mitotic spindle | spindle shaped structure formed of microtubules and proteins involved in the movements of chromosomes |
| centrosome | microtubule-organizing center, cytoplasmic material of a eukaryotic cell that contains centrioles and gives rise to microtubules |
| cleavage furrow | shallow grove in an animal cell's surface that forms during cytokinesis of cell division |
| cell plate | double-membrane in a plant cell between which new cell wall forms during cytokinesis |
| kinetochore | protein structure at centromere region |
| metaphase plate | imaginary plane equidistant between the two poles of the mitotic spindle |
| first stage of mitosis: coiling of chromatin into chromosomes, formation of mitotic spindle, fragmentation of nuclear envelope | prophase |
| second stage of mitosis: attatchment of microtubules to kinetochores, centromeres and thus chromosomes line up on metaphase plate | metaphase |
| third stage of mitosis: begins when the centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separation of sister chromatids into daughter chromosomes, spindle microtubules retract | anaphase |
| fourth stage of mitosis: daughter nuclei form, mitotic spindle disappears | telophase |
| period of metabolic activity in the eukaryotic cell cycle | interphase |
| division of a single nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei | mitosis |
| division of a cell's cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells | cytokinesis |
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