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amnesty the act of granting pardon to a large group of people communism an economic system in which the central government directs all major economic desicions conservative a person who believes government power, particularly economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom containment the policy designed to keep the soviet union from expanding its power. corporation an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person. downsizing reducing a company in size by laying off workers and managers to become more efficient fascism a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition flexible response the build up of conventional troups and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons impearialism the actions used by one nation to excersise political or economic control of smaller or weaker nations insurrection an act of rebellion against the established government internationalism a national policy of activeoly trading with foreign contries to foster peace and prosperity isolationism the avoidance of involovement in world affairs liberal a person who generally believes the government should take an active role in the economy and in social programs but that the government should not dictate social behavior nuclear proliferation the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations nullification the failure or refusal of the US state to aid in the enforcement of federal laws within its state limits political machine an organization linked to a political party that often controls local government self-determination belief that people in a territory should have the ability to choose their own government state sponsored terrorism violent acts against civilians that are secretly supported by a government in order to attack other nations without going to war subversion a systematic attempt to overthrow a government by using persons working secretly from within sufferage the right to vote capitalism economic system in which private citizens own and use the factors of production in order generate profits consumer price index statistic that measures overall change in price or inflation over time consumer sovereignty the concept that the consumer is the ruler of the market deregulation relaxation of government regulation on industry elasticity a measure of responsiveness that tells us how a dependant variable such as quantity responds to an independent variable such as price liquidity ability to convert an asset into cash quickly marginal utility the extra uselfulness gained from consuming one more unit of a product trade-off alternatives that must be given up when one is chosen over another bureaucracy government administrators civil society a complex network of voluntary associations, economic groups, religious organizations, and other kinds of groups that exist independently from the government constituent a person who a member of congress has been elected to represent democracy a general description of a government in which the people rule diplomacy the art and practice of conducting negotiations between nations without arousing hostility due process of law principle in the 5th amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procerdures in trials and in other actions it takes against induividuals federalism a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments government the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens ideology a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and society interest group a group of people with common goals who organize to influence government judicial review the power of the supreme court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional jurisdiction the authority, power, or right of a court to interpret or apply the law on certain cases. lobbying direct contact made by an interest group representative in order to persuade government officials to suppost the policies their interest group favors naturalization the legal process by which a person is granted citizenship patronage the practice of granting favors to reward party loyalties political party a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy politics the effort to control or influence the conduct abnd policies of government republic a specific description of a government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and in exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them aristocracy an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another autonomous self governing caste system a set of rigid social categories that determine not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society dictator an absolue ruler disarmament a limit or reduction in armed forces or weapons dissident a person who speaks against the regime in power dynasty a family line of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family feudalism a political and social system that developed during the middle ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for their services heresy thoughts and ideas that are contrary to the teachings of the christian faith middle passage the middle portion of the triangular trade that broght african slaves to the americas nationalism the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols. natural rights the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property secular a view point void of religious thought or considerations social contract the idea that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will socialism a system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls the means of production totalitarian a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens urban of or located in the city