CIVICS AND ECONOMICS EXAM
Order by
204 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Factors of Production | productive resources ( anything that can be used to produce goods and services |
| Financial Capital | money used to buy tools and equipment used in production |
| Trade-Offs | alternative choices |
| Need | basic requirement for survival |
| Labor | people with efforts, abilities, and skills |
| Value | worth of a good or service |
| Market | place for buying and selling a product |
| Utility | capacity to be useful |
| Entreprenuer | "risk-taker" this special labor is creative, and it refers to human ability to think develop new ideas and business opportunities as well as managing resources ( rewarded by profit) |
| Productivity | efficient use of resources |
| Specialization | this is when people or perhaps capital are used to whatever task they do best, it increases productivity because more can be produced using the same amount of resources |
| Division of Labor | division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers; same as specialization |
| Consumption | process of using up goods and services |
| Wealth | sum of tangible (all goods), scarce, useful, transfered from one person to another |
| Opportunity Cost | cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another. |
| Circular Flow Model | chart used by economists to show how economic systems work and how people and businesses fit into these systems. |
| Product Market | where the sale of all products takes place |
| Factor Market | where the sale of all factors of production takes place |
| Voluntary Exchange | the act of buyers and sellers freely and willingly engaging in market transactions |
| Profit Motive | the driving force that encourages people and organizations to improve their material well-being -the incentative is your hoping to gain money |
| Consumers | determine which products are ultimately produced, people who use goods and services |
| Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights |
| parliament | the lawmaking body of British government, representative assembly in England |
| rule of law | principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern |
| limited government | basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away |
| consent of the Governed | the people agree to obey the laws and the government they create, The idea that government obtains its authority by approval of the people. |
| representative government | a system of government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government |
| glorious revolution | This was the "revolution" that replaced James II with William and Mary that also recognized the supremacy of the Parliament with minimum bloodshed. ( this showed that legislature had more power then monarchy) |
| John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which the people are willing to give up some of their freedom to the government for exchange in protection of their natural rights . "consent of the governed" and in which the government serves the people; also said people were born with natural rights to life, liberty and property. ( supported the Glorious revolution ) |
| Baron De Montesquieu | French philosopher wrote The Spirit of the Laws : developed the idea of the separation of powers into three branches of government, and that each should balance each other |
| social contract | agreement among all the people in a society to give up part of their freedom to a government in exchange for protection of natural rights. John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were two European political philosophers who wrote about this concept. |
| right to revolution | if government breaks unalienable rights, people can revolt and create new government based on nature laws |
| Mayflower compact, direct | colonist from england (pilgrims) who built a settlement called Plymouth in Massachusetts. the colonist wrote a written plan for the government and the 41 men abroad the mayflower ship the signed the compact. ( this created a _____ democracy) |
| Virgina house of burgesses | This law making body established that the colonists had the right to elect their own representitive to resolve local problems. (which marked the beginning of self government in English colonies) this used to be Jamestown the 1st permanent English settlement (now Virgina) |
| mercantilism | theory that a country should sell more goods to countries than it buys |
| common law | (civil law) a law established by following earlier judicial decisions, a body of rulings made by judges that become part of a nation's legal system |
| English bill of rights | Guaranteed certain rights to English citizens. Introduced the concept of individual rights. (1689) |
| Royal colony | A colony under the direct control of a monarch |
| charter colony | colony approved by the king to settle |
| proprietary colony | a colony with a single owner, colony run by individuals or groups to whom land was granted |
| New england colonies | Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut and Rhode Island. They had a short growing season long and cold winters, rocky soil and Forests and economy was based on trading shipping and ship building. known as Puritan ethic religion |
| Middle colonies | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Deleware. Economy based on farming- breadbasket colonies (grew large amounts of wheat, barley, rye, and other cash crops) settled by Quakers who believed in non-violence (pacifism) and treating Native Americans fairly; had religious tolerance, |
| southern colonies | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; very rural with large farms "plantations" with use of slave labor; tobacco, cotton, indigo, and rice were grown with tobacco being the largest cash crop. (grown in tidewater "flat plains" |
| Bacon rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. ( this showed that many settlers were not willing to be restricted by the gov.) |
| French and Indian war | this struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of the North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War, (both aided by indian tribes). At the end British won the war in england wining French territory in america. |
| treaty of Paris | formal agreement that ended the French and Indian war and north american dominated by British. great Britain gained all land east of Mississippi r. France gained on the Caribbean, and Spain gained west of Mississippi r. |
| Board of trade | primary role was to make colonies serve englands economic needs, investigated the enforcements of navigation acts and made recommendations on how to improve them. |
| Navigation acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. (reinforced trade restrictions of colonist by use of legal documents) |
| proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, in order to prevent natives to fight over land. |
| Sugar act | halved the duty on foreign made molasses, placed duties on certain imports, and strenghtened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court |
| Stamp act | an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents |
| Declatory act | Passed at the same time that the Stamp Act was repealed, the Act declared that Parliament had the power to tax the colonies both internally and externally, and had absolute power over the colonial legislatures. |
| Townshend acts | Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. |
| Boston massacre | British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution. |
| committees of correspondence | A network of communicaiton set up in Massachusetts and Virginia to inform other colonies of ways that Britain threatened colonial rights. as a result of Boston massacre to get all colonist to act as one |
| Tea act | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party |
| Boston tea party | protest against British taxes in which the Sons of Liberty boarded British ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor in 1773, a protest against taxation without representation by the Sons of Liberty |
| intolerable acts | were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress. |
| first continental congress | The assembly of colonial delegates from every colony except Georgia that met in 1774 in Philadelphia to oppose the Intolerable Acts. wrote in declaration of rights to run their own affairs which was sent to king George 3rd demanding it and support boycotting of British goods. |
| battle of Lexington and concord | The first battle of the revolutionary war and the place of the shot heard round the world. |
| second continental congress | They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence |
| battle of bunker hill | First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. |
| olive branch petition | An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll |
| common sense | a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain |
| declaration of independence, government, separation | This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document. influenced by the ideas of John Locke. (3 parts-New theory of _____, reasons for ______, formal declaration of war and independence) |
| state constitutions | separation of power within the government and each state includes the bill of rights |
| articles of confederation | the first constitution in united states, too weak a central government, biggest problems include the inability to tax the states and enforce laws |
| shays rebellion | due to inflation they farms and veterans couldn't pay back loan so their land must be taken away. although a rebellion led by Daniel shay on the gov. of Massachusetts thought they were defeated.. this rebellion sent a message to all the states that the central government was too weak to hand the problems of the new nation |
| amendments | delegates were requested from the 13 states to propose _____ to the articles of confederation that will improve the central government's ability to handle the nations problems |
| revolutionary war, 1st, Lexington, 2nd, Bunkerhill, petition, sense, independence | ___ continental congress to _____ & concord to ___ continental congress to battle of _____ to olive branch ______ to common ____ to declaration of independence. |
| constitutional convention | originally convened to fix the articls of confederation, but the delegates realized that only a new constitution could solve the short comings of the US gov. |
| bundle of compromises | This referred to the fact that the Constitution was trying to please everybody. (Great Compromise; 3/5 compromise; method of electing president; regulation of slave trade) |
| New Jersey plan | The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population, This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population. |
| Virginia plan | was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population. favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In the end, the two sides found common ground through the Connecticut Compromise. |
| Connecticut plan | one house of the legislature should reflect the state's population. It was called the House of Representatives and one house should have an equal number of representatives from each state, called the Senate. Also called the Great Compromise (sig.) This solution meant that there would be a constitution. |
| three-fifths compromise | agreement providing that enslaved persons would count as three-fifths of other persons in determining representation in congress |
| electoral college | a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress |
| federalist | supporters of the constitution during the debate over its ratification; favored a strong national government |
| anti federalists | those who opposed ratification of the constitution |
| elastic clause | Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution; known also as the "necessary and proper" clause that allows Congress to extend its delegated powers ( able the constitution to be flexible) |
| delegated powers | powers given to the federal government by the Constitution |
| implied powers | powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution."elastic clause" , and "necessary & proper clause" |
| federalist papers | Series of essays that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government. |
| federalism | a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| preamble | statement of goals and ideals of the constitution |
| legislative branch | article 1 of the constitution |
| executive branch | article 2 of the constitution |
| judicial branch | article 3 of the constitution |
| regarding the states | article 4 of the constitution |
| amending the constitution | article 5 of the constitution |
| supremacy of the constitution and the federal government | article 6 of the constitution |
| ratification | article 7 of the constitution |
| Expressed powers | Those delegated powers of the National Government that are spelled out, expressly, in the Constitution; also called the "enumerated powers" |
| Reserved powers | powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states |
| Denied powers | powers which the Constitution does not give to the all levels of gov't. - It can't do the following: suspend Habeas corpus, have ex post facto laws, have titles for nobility, play favorites with the states |
| concurrent powers | powers that are shared by both the federal and state governments |
| 1st amendment | right to speech, press, petition, assembly, religion and the establishment clause |
| establishment clause | the First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church |
| 2nd amendment | right to bear arms |
| 3rd amendment | no quartering " One of four equal parts" of soldiers during peace time |
| 4th amendment | protection from illegal searches and seizures "exclusionary rule" |
| 5th amendment | protection of natural rights: from self incrimination, right to grand jury indictment, protection from double jeopardy, right to due process, private property |
| 6th amendment | rights of the accused in criminal cases: right to know the accusation, right to a speedy trail, right to a trail by an impartial jury, right to cross-examine witnesses, right to a lawyer, right to call witness |
| 7th amendment | rights in civil cases:right to a jury trail in cases involving more than $20 |
| 8th admendment | protection form cruel and unusual punishment |
| 9th amendment | protection of natural rights |
| 10th amendment | reserved powers |
| 13th amendment | protection aganist slavery |
| 14th amendment | equal protection clause: laws of federal government protect citizens from state goverments as well, defines citizenship |
| 15th amendment | suffrage to all citizens: aperson cannot be denied based on their race |
| 17th amendment | direct election of senators |
| 19th amendments | women's suffrage |
| 23rd amendments | washington, DC receives 3 electoral votes in presidnetial elections |
| 24th amendments | abolition of poll taxes |
| 26th amendment | 18 year old to vote |
| voting | whats the best way to have an influence on the gov |
| citizens,18 years and older, not in prison, and registered | who has the right to vote |
| propaganda techniques | name calling, endorsements, glittering generalities, bandwagon, just plain folks, stacked cards, symbols |
| Name Calling | a method of propaganda that is an attempt to turn people against and opponent or an idea by using unpleasant labels or descriptions for that person or idea |
| endorsements | Celebrity endorsers may be held personally liable for misrepresenting a product for not using it, if people like the person promoting a candidate or product they will too support that candidate or product |
| glittering generalities | propaganda technique that uses statements that sound good but are meaningless |
| bandwagon | tries to persuade the reader to do, think, or buy something because it is popular or everyone is doing it |
| stacked cards | A type of propaganda resenting information that is positive to an idea or proposal omitting information contrary to it |
| electoral votes | votes cast by electors in the electoral college " winner takes all system" |
| campaigning | soft money, campaign finance reform, public funding, political action committees (PAC's) |
| soft money | funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate ( now illegal) |
| political action committees | Independent organizations, but more often the political arms of corporations, labor unions, or interest groups, established to contribute to candidates or to work for general political goals. |
| mass media | television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication. |
| interest groups | groups of people who work together for similar interests or goals |
| democrats | Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility to privilege (two party system) liberals |
| republicans | traditional "conservatives" in the U.S., a Representative democracy where citizens choose their lawmakers. ( two party system) |
| plank | each individual part of the platform |
| platform | a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions on election issues |
| moderates | persons who do not hold extreme political views |
| independent parties | Formed from third parties around leaders with strong personalities who cannot get support from one of the two major parties; usually do not survive beyond the defeat of their candidates |
| third parties | electoral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they rarely win elections. brings new ideas |
| ideological parties | parties based on a particular set of beliefs |
| single issue parties | Parties that concentrate on only one public policy matter |
| multi party system | Three or more parties compete for control of the government |
| primary elections | Election in which voters choose the candidates from each party who will run in the general election |
| direct primary | a primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
| closed primary | A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members. |
| open primary | Primary election in which any voter, regardless of party, may vote. |
| plurality | (in an election with more than 2 options) the number of votes for the candidate or party receiving the greatest number (but less that half of the votes) |
| majority | The candidate or party that wins more than half the votes cast in an election |
| library of congress | research center for congress, largest book collection in the world |
| pork- barrel projects | Government projects and grants that benefit the home district of a member of Congress. |
| casework | the work that a lawmaker does to help constituents with a problem |
| bicameral | house of representatives, and senate |
| census | a period count of the population |
| floor leader | Members of the House and Senate picked by their parties to carry out party decisions and steer legislative action to meet party goals |
| party whip | a legislator appointed by the party to enforce discipline ( assists the party leader and persuade votes of the party members ) |
| standing committees | permanent committees |
| committees | small groups in congress formed to consider bills |
| select committees | Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation. (for a limited time) |
| joint committees | Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses |
| conference committees | A joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the Senate and House versions of the same bill. |
| seniority system | A simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless of party loyalty, mental state, or competence. |
| filibuster | a tactic for defeating a bill in the Senate by talking until the bill's sponsor withdraws it |
| cloture | a procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate |
| pigeonhole | to set a bill aside by a committee without considering it, to not act on the bill so that it will die |
| presidential veto | a president's authority to reject a bill passed by Congress; may only be overridden by a two-thirds majority in each house |
| pocket veto | when a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it |
| chief executive | carry out laws, head of executive bureaucracy (appoints the cabinet members) can issue executive orders (power of law) |
| chief diplomat | directs foreign policy (plan for dealing with other nations of U.S., make treaties and appoints foreign ambassadors ( official representative of a country's gov, issues executive agreement, can be impeached if not enforcing laws by congress, and supreme court could declare executive orders unconstitutional, must be approved by the senate |
| commander in chief | head of military (all branches), senate appoint all treaties & ambassador |
| legislative leader | proposes and influence legislation process, veto legislation, state of the union address to congress, congress can override veto |
| chief of state | no real power symbol to the nation, greet foreign leaders carries traditional functions |
| economic leader | solves economic problems: plan federal gov. budget by proposing it to the H.O.R |
| party leader | leader of his/her political party, help raise money, campaigns for party members, must be approved by senate, ability to campaign and raise money for members is limited by president's approval rating |
| chief judiciary | appoints federal/supreme court judges, can grant forgiveness throughout pardon (one person) or amnesty (group), must be senate approval |
| goals of foreign policy | national security, international trade, promoting world peace, promoting democracy around the world. |
| merit system | A system of hiring people based on their abilities |
| civil service worker | employee of the national government who usually has permanent employment |
| spoils system | practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs |
| original jurisdiction | the authority to hear a case for the first time, conducts a trail, includes a trial with witnesses, evidence, judge, (sometimes a jury) |
| appellate jurisdiction | the authority to review the due process of a case tried in a lower court |
| exclusive jurisdiction | when there is only one court that has the authority to hear a case or conduct the trial. |
| concurrent jurisdiction | when more than one court may have the authority to hear a case or conduct the trial |
| common law | laws are applied fair and equal to everyone who is subject to them, precedent, stare decisis" when on appeal the court tries to uphold earlier decisions rather than overrun the m when possible |
| human capital | a difficult thing to measure this is the skills, abilities, health and motivation of employees |
| scarcity | people's wants and needs are always more than our resource can supply, which all societies face can help by making rational choices. |
| frontier | is the furthest limit |
| alternative, value | trade offs are ______ and opportunity cost is the _____ we place on the things we didn't choose |
| factors of production | land, capital, labor, entrepreneurs |
| households | owners of the factors of production particularly labor and entrepreneurship |
| firms | business or industries that use the factors of production to produce goods or services |
| law of demand | people are willing to buy less of the produce if the price is high and more if the price is low |
| monopolistic | having exclusive control over a commercial activity by possession or legal grant "no competition" |
| oligopolies | small groups of large producers that controlled most of the free market. Standard for the 1920s |
| Sherman Anti- trust act | an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States |
| Clayton anti-trust act | New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies (supports) of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions. Weakened monopolies, upheld rights of unions. |
| National labor relations Act | A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining, sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-management relations. |
| fair labor standards act | 1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor |
| Taft Hartley act | Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) |
| GDP | total dollar value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a single year |
| CPI | a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer |
| inflation | increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money |
| tariffs | taxes on imports and exports |
| NAFTA | allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada |
| excise tax | Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco. |
| progressive tax | a tax that imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on persons with higher incomes |
| regressive tax | a tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases |
| proportional tax | A tax in which the average tax rate is the same at all income levels. |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.