History Final Review
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56 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Beginning of Rome (switch from Kings to Republic) | Because Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud) was such a repressive king in 509 BC, Romans overthrew king and established republic. Government made out of assemblies, senate, tribunes. |
| How were powers assigned in the Roman Republic? | ... |
| Roman consuls | In place of monarchy, two consuls elected by Comitia Curiata for a one year term. Consuls had absolute power for one year. One consul can veto an edict of the other. During crisis, consuls and senate would appoint a dictator for six months. i. 1 year terms every ten years ii. power of veto over laws (limits power) iii. issue laws and decrees |
| Law of 12 Tablets | 449 BC: traditional laws of Rome were written on twelve wooden tablets, source of all civil and criminal law |
| Punic Wars | Between city-states Rome and Carthage |
| 1st Punic War | Carthage had more land and dominant navy. Rome feared that Carthage would stop Rome's expansion because it dominated the seas. Italy in 264 BC: Rome didn't originally have a navy, but captured Carthaginian vessel and used it as a model. Their tactics at sea were the same as their ones on land (ram Carthaginians' ships and use boarding bridges for heavily armed soldiers. Successful strategy) 241 BC: Carthage asked for peace, Rome made Carthage pay them an indemnity and to give up Sicily. Within a few years, Romans conquered all of Italy and land over seas. |
| 2nd Punic War | Hannibal: great military leader. He tried to turn alliances against Rome, didn't succeed because of Roman policy of sharing citizenship. He took army from Spain of infantry, cavalry, and war elephants through France, the Alps, and into Italy. Lost a lot of men but still better than Roman armies. Roman armies retreated to fortified cites. Romans were losing, but finally won by invading Africa and attacking Carthage Carthage ordered Hannibal home to defend the city 202 BC: Hannibal fought against the great Roman general Scipio in Zama near Carthage and was defeated and Rome took over the Mediterranean. Forced to pay another indemnity |
| 3rd Punic War | THIRD PUNIC WAR Rome wanted to get rid of Carthage completely, war out of hatred 146 BC: There was a siege and Carthage fell, surviving population was enslaved |
| How did the Republic decline and weaken to the point where Rome's government changed to an empire? | ... |
| What happened between Republic and Empire? | ... |
| Reform and Fall of Roman Republic | ... |
| Caesar | ... |
| Transition from Republic to Empire | ... |
| Rise of Roman Empire (Pax Romana) | ... |
| Was good leadership essential to Rome's success in this time period? If not, how did Rome continue to grow? | ... |
| What were the key rewards and risks Roman emperors had to take into account when expanding, as shown best by the different policies of Trajan (98-117 AD) and Hadrian (117-138 AD)? | ... |
| How were the causes of Rome's decline related to earlier problems Rome faced? | ... |
| Decline/Fall of Roman Empire | ... |
| What were the various causes of Rome's century of decline in the 200s A.D.? | ... |
| What problems did Rome face during this time period that would prove to be bigger problems later? | ... |
| What steps did Diocletian (285-305 AD) and Constantine (312-337 AD) take to maintain the empire? | ... |
| Why does Rome fall? | ... |
| Philip II | Alexander the Great's Father. United and Hellenized Macedonia, conquered Greece, assassinated by a Macedonian |
| What were Philip II accomplishments? | Hellenization expanded. New battle tactics (phalanx), built navy, developed siege machinery (catapults, movable towers). He restored internal peace to Greece. By 339, he had gained control over all Greece by military and diplomatic means. |
| Alexander the Great | Philip II successor and son. Conqueror, taught by Aristotle. Sources about him are Plutarch and Arrian. |
| What advantages did Alexander the Great have growing up? | He was taught by Aristotle who made him appreciate the arts, science, poetry, a love of the Greek culture. He was also influenced by his father, a great military tactician. Alexander took over from Philip's successes (excellent military, united Greece, league of Corinth). |
| What made Alexander the Great unique? | Alexander encouraged assimilation of cultures and blending them into his empire. He showed respect to art, philosophers, and other leaders. Shrewd calculation, reckless daring, and administrative skill all helped be so successful and unique. He mapped previously uncharted territories, opened new trade routes, sparked unions between east and west, and founded at least 20 cities and colonies. |
| What was Alexander the Great like as a leader? | As a military leader, Alexander the Great was very smart. He was a good planner. For example, when he went to fight Persia he took with him specialists (engineers, carpenters, and seers to build siege machinery and ships). He was an interested person (took philosophers, zoologists, and geographers to record new ideas.) |
| What did Alexander the Great do that was unique? | Alexander reinstalled the local leaders of the countries he conquered to run their land under him (Parus in India). Honored his fallen soldiers (respect for others). Showed respect for arts (in Thebes Alexander burned down everything apart from a poet's home and a library). He doesn't keep the spoils of war, instead he allows his men to take it. He showed respect for Persian culture, wore Persian clothes, released Darius's family. He married the daughter of a Persian prince and he appointed Persians into important positions in government and military. |
| Where were Alexander the Great major battles fought and won? | Sardis, Persian city. He installed democratic governments modeled on Athens in place of Persian oligarchies. Battle of Issus, against Darius III. Darius had a larger army but Alexander outmaneuvered Darius. Alexander captured Darius's family, Darius and his army retreated. Siege of Tyre, Persian navy didn't have any more ports. |
| What were Alexander the Great failures? | Adopting Persian manners, dress, accepting their recognition of him as a living god, and taking them into his army caused resentment amongst the greek and Macedonian troops. Macedonian loyalty fell apart. Over-expansion. |
| Hannibal | Great Carthaginian military leader |
| Scipio Africanus Major | Great Roman military leader |
| What role did Hannibal and Scipio Africanus Major play in the 2nd Punic War? | ... |
| What part of Rome's system (failings) allowed Hannibal to have such success? | ... |
| How did Scipio Africanus finally defeat Hannibal and Carthage? | ... |
| How did Hannibal die? | ... |
| Nobiles or Optimates | Nobles, dominant group in the senate, wealthier class |
| Populares | Common people |
| Plebians | Lower Class |
| Why did Rome's government switch from Kingdom to Republic, and how did that affect the Republic's design? | ... |
| Patricians | Upper class, the nobility and wealthy land owners. |
| Land redistribution and grain subsidies (during the 146-44 BC period) | ... |
| Philippics | Verbal attack (Demosthenes was a philippics speaker against Philip II) |
| Styles of Rhetoric (Logos, Pathos, Ethos) | Logos - (logic), reason. Ethos - (ethics), trust in the speaker. Pathos - (pathological) emotional. |
| Roman value of "virtus" | Virtus= manliness |
| Fabian Tactics | ... |
| Princeps | ... |
| Imperium | ... |
| Visigoths | ... |
| Claudius | •41 AD - 54 AD •Conquers Britain •Known for building aqueducts, refurbished a harbor, pubic works •Granted roman citizenship to people in provinces •Romanization - Rome spreading values •His neice/wife poisons him so his step son Nero, becomes emperor |
| Nero | •54 AD - 69 AD •Mother kills stepfather, she is overbearing •He kills his mother •"Artist" •In 64 AD Rome burns (not necessarily his fault) •Known for fiddling while Rome burns •Blames Christians and persecutes them |
| Trajan | •98 - 117 AD •Iberian (from Spain) •Expansionist •Rome reaches it's peak in territory o Armenia o Dacia o U.K. |
| Hadrian | •117 AD - 138 AD •Iberian (from Spain) •Reversed expansion for more control and better defense of borders •Built Hadrian's Wall (protected Britain from Scotland) |
| Diocletian | •285 - 305 AD •Splits up empire in to Dioceses (smaller political units) •Sets up a Emperor/Vice Emperor type system (Augustus (1) and a Caesar (2) ) •Augustus rules for 20 years, then Caesar takes over •Re-conquers Britain •Regulates inflation with price controls and minimum wage |
| Constantine | •312 - 337 •Son of a Caesar •Has a vision of Jesus and converts to Christianity •Christianity becomes official religion of Rome •Makes Byzantium eastern capital of Rome - calls it Constantinople (330 AD) |
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