History Final - Scientists
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Created by:
cafeRooster Plus on June 8, 2011
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23 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nicolaus Copernicus | (Polish) astronomer; first to theorize the sun-centered model, i.e., that Earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory); began the scientific revolution |
| heliocentric theory | stated that the sun is at the center of the known universe (solar system); originated with Copernicus; published and defended by Galileo |
| "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" | Copernicus' work describing the heliocentric model of the universe |
| Galileo Galilei | (Italian) physicist/astronomer; publicized Copernicus's findings; first used telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by Catholic Church for his work |
| "Starry Messenger" | Galileo's published observations thru the telescope: moon's rough surface, sun spots, Jupiter's moons, Saturn's rings; strongly argued heliocentric theory |
| "Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems" | Galileo's book that presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy; clearly Galileo supported the Copernican theory; pope ordered him to stand trial before the Inquisition |
| Johannes Kepler | (German) mathematician/astronomer; first stated laws of planetary motion; helped prove the heliocentric (sun-centered) theory of the universe and elliptical planet orbits |
| Sir Isaac Newton | (English) mathematician/astronomer/physicist; invented calculus; discovered laws of light and color; laws of gravitation; laws of MOTION (although be aware T-B may say "thermodynamics"; Newton may have had something remotely to do with the 2nd Law, Entropy) |
| gravity | one of Newton's laws; force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses |
| "Principia" | 3 volume set of Newton's work (calculus, gravitation, motion); considered one of the most important works in the history of science |
| Maria Winklemann | (German) one of the first female astronomers; discovered a comet; made charts, calendars and constructed the first almanac, aiding in agriculture, naval expeditions, etc. |
| Andreas Vesalius | (Flemish) scientist; pioneered the study of anatomy and provided detailed overviews of the human body and its systems; disproved Galen's physiological theory; sneaked out dead bodies (illegally) to study them; inspired Mary Shelley; considered the "father of modern anatomy" |
| "On the Fabric of the Human Body" | Vesalius' work on the human anatomy |
| William Harvey | (English) physician; demonstrated blood circulation and the function of the heart as a pump |
| "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood" | Harvey's work on the circulatory system |
| Robert Boyle | (English) physicist/chemist; discovered the nature of elements and compounds; discovered Boyle's Law; considered one of the founders of modern chemistry |
| Boyle's Law | in chemistry, one of several gas laws; states that gas pressure and volume have an inverse relationship |
| Sir Francis Bacon | (English) scientist/philosopher; teamed with David Hume and pioneered the scientific method |
| scientific (Baconian) method | 1) observe; 2) hypothesize; 3) experiment; 4) draw conclusion; 5) check & repeat |
| Antoine Lavoisier | (French) chemist/biologist; published first modern science (chemistry) textbook; found and termed both oxygen & hydrogen; helped construct metric system; put together first extensive list of elements; helped reform chemical nomenclature |
| alchemy | medieval chemical philosophy based on changing metal into gold (practiced by Newton and Boyle); a seemingly magical power or process of transmutation |
| Laws of Thermodynamics | 1) CONSERVATION: energy or matter can neither be created nor destroyed; 2) ENTROPY: energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy; 3) PERPETUAL MOTION IMPOSSIBLE: all processes cease as temperature approaches absolute zero, i.e., there is no energy at that temp |
| Newton's "Apple" | the falling of an apple from a tree is said to be Newton's inspiration for his formulation of the theory of universal gravitation |
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