Earth Science
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sweettreatjs on June 9, 2011
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Finals Semester 2 Study Guide
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Uniformitarianism | Geologic processes that happened in the past are happening today. |
| Moho | Junction of the crust and mantle. |
| Lithosphere | Crust and upper part of the upper mantle |
| Asthenosphere | Lower part of the upper mantle |
| Lithosphere v. Asthenosphere physical properties | Lithosphere: slightly elastic & rigid - will crack and break (rubber band) Asthenosphere: taffy, plastic it can permanently change shape |
| Inner Core v. Outer Core | Inner core: solid, iron&nickel, hotter Outer core: liquid, iron& sulfur |
| Geologists study earth's interior | 1. Volcanic eruptions 2. seismic waves/shock waves from explosions 3. meteorites 4. gravitational studies 5. drilling |
| Iron & Stony Meteorites | Iron: Core Stony: Mantle |
| 3 types of rocks | Metamorphic: forms from other rocks by high pressure&temperature - usually underground Igneous: from lava/magma cooling Sedimentary: particles cemented together |
| Intrusive Igneous Rocks | Crystals |
| Extrusive Igneous Rocks | Air bubbles |
| Sedimentary rocks 3 types | 1. Chemical: form from precipitate 2. Clastic: when particles are cemented 3. Organic: from animal matter |
| Plate tectonics | Pieces of earth's lithosphere (plates) that move slowly on the asthenosphere |
| Alfred Wegener's Theory & Observations | Continental drift, because of "jigsaw puzzle" & observations such as the look of the continents and fossils/rocks distribution |
| Why was Wegener's theory rejected? | he was not a geologist - was meteorologist & could not explain how continents could move |
| What proved Wegener's theory to be correct | - Echo sound mapping should ocean floor to have mountains and valleys - Heat emission showed magma ooze from earth - Reverse rock magnetism of the sea floor |
| Convection Currents | Hot material rising and cooler material sinking in a circular pattern |
| Convection in mantle causes? | all tectonic activity - earthquakes - volcanoes - mountains - hot spots |
| What causes mantle convection currents | differential heating from radioactive decay |
| Convergent, Divergent, Transform | convergent: come together divergent: move apart transform: slide next to each other |
| Sea floor spreading | Divergence of ocean plates |
| Rifting | Divergence of continental plates |
| Subduction | Convergence of a continental&oceanic plate |
| Most tectonic activity | plate boundaries |
| ridge | sea floor spreading |
| trench | subduction zones |
| san andreas fault, which plates? | North American and Pacific |
| How much more energy is released if the difference in magnitude is one | 30 times (32 technically) |
| Tectonic Stress | force that causes rock to move |
| faults | cracks in the lithosphere |
| folds | bend in rock layer |
| how are folds and faults created | tectonic stress |
| focus, epicenter | focus (point underground where earthquake begins) epicenter (above focus on surface) |
| Richter | rates earthquakes based on times and size of waves |
| Moment Magnitude | measures amount of energy released |
| Meraclli | rates earthquakes based on observations * damage |
| P wave | longitudinal, causes medium (ground) to move parallel to wave direction |
| S Wave | Transverse, causes medium (ground) to move, perpendicular to wave motion |
| Surface Waves | transverse waves, created when seismic waves reach the surface. rolling action |
| find distance to an epicenter of an earthquake | - find sp lag time (seismogram) - Look up distance on a travel time graph |
| how is earthquake's epicenter found | Triangulation (3 points) |
| Determine magnitude | 1. sp lag time 2. s wave amplitude |
| 5 parts of a volcano | 1. magma chamber: pocket of magma 2. Pipe: narrow vertical channel 3. Vent: Opening in ground 4. Crater: bowl shaped pit on top of central vent 5. Caldera: huge depression formed if crater collapses |
| quiet eruptions | - low silica - low viscosity (thin) - high water |
| Explosive eruptions | - high silica - high viscosity - low water |
| Hot spots | region where hot rock extends from deep within the mantle. usually away from a plate boundary |
| Cinder cone volcano | small, steep volcano. Erupts ash and cinder (big) |
| Shield volcano | broad and flat, erupts very quietly |
| Composite | tall & steep. erupts explosively |
| Batholith Igneous | large igneous rock feature formed in core of mountains |
| Sills Igneous | layer of hardened magma parallel to existing rock |
| dikes Igneous | layer of hardened magma perpendicular to existing rock |
| volcanic neck Igneous | magma hardening in a pipe |
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