national board science prompt review

Terms	Definitions
Students can understand that experiments are guided...	.. By concepts and performed to test ideas.
Some students will have trouble with...	.. Variables and controlled experiments
Students often have trouble dealing with data..	..that seems anomalous
Students often have trouble proposing..	.. Explanations based on evidence and logic rather than on prior beliefs about natural world
Challenges to teachers of science/curriculum developers	...making science meaningful
investigations should derive from..	...questions and issues with meaning
2 sources of meaningful investigations are...	...topics highlighted by current events and actual science/tech related problems
science teachers should remember that some experiences begin with little meaning but develop meaning by...	.. Active involvement, continued exposure, and growing skill and understanding
A critical component of successful inquiry includes having students..	..reflect on concepts that guide the inquiry and establishing a knowledge base to support the investigation and develop explanations.
the concepts of the world that students bring to school will shape the way they engage in science investigations and serve as filters for their explanations of scientific phenomena. Left unexamined...	.. The limited nature of students' beliefs will interfere with their ability to develop a deep understanding of science.
In a full inquiry, instructional strategies such as....should be used to gain info about students' current knowledge/misconceptions.	.. Small group discussions, labeled drawings, writings, concept mapping.
Students' current knowledge/misconceptions serve as a baseline for..	..instructions as teachers help students make explanations aligned with scientific knowledge and as teachers help students evaluate their own explanations and those made by scientists.
Students need to learn to analyze evidence and data from...	..their investigations, other student investigations, or databases.
Data manipulation and analysis need to..	.. Be modeled by teachers and practiced by students.
Examples of analysis that students should be able to perform are..	.. Range of data, mean and mode values, plotting data, developing mathematical functions from the data, and locking for anomalous data.
3 questions teachers can ask about data to students:	..what explanation did you expect to develop from the data? Were there any surprises I the data? How confident do you feel about the accuracy of the data?
Public discussions..	.. Is a form of peer review and peer review is an important aspect of science and talking with peers helps students develop meaning and understanding/clarifies concepts and processes of science so that students can make sense of the content.
teachers should engage students in conversations that focus on questions such as...	..how do we know? How certain are you of those results? Is there a better way to do the investigation? If you had to explain this to someone who knew nothing about the project, how would you? Is there an alternative scientific explanation for the one we proposed? should we do the investigation over? do we need more evidence? what are our sources of experimental error? how d do you account for an explanation that is different fro ours?
abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry (6)	identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations, design and conduct scientific investigations, use technology and math to improve investigations and communications, formulate and revise scientific explanations and models using logic and evidence, recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models, communicate and defend a scientific argument.
identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations breaks down to...	.. Formulating testable hypotheses and demonstrate the logical connections between the concepts guiding it and the design of the experiment. They should show appropriate procedures, knowledge base, and conceptual understanding of investigations.
design and conduct scientific investigations breaks down into...	... intro to major concepts in the area, proper equipment/safety, help with methods, recommendations for using technology, clarification of ideas and gaining knowledge from other sources. This includes clarifying the lab and organizing/display of data and getting a response from peers. Apply logic and create explanations.
Use tech and math to improve investigations and communications includes...	.. Using a variety of equipment (hand tools, measuring instruments, calculators), computers (esp. for collecting, analyzing, displaying data). Math is used to pose questions, formulas to explain, charts to communicate.
formulate and revise scientific explanations and models using logic and evidence includes...	... culminating student inquiries with creation of an explanation or model (physical, conceptual, or mathematical)
recognize and defend a scientific argument includes...	.. Reviewing current understanding and weighting evidence and examining logic. Use scientific criteria to find best explanations.
communicate and depend a scientific argument includes..	..writing and following procedures, expressing concepts, reviewing ad summarizing, using proper vocab, and developing diagrams/charts, explaining statistics, good speaking skills.
Scientists usually inquire about how physical, living, or designed systems function...	... concepts and knowledge guide inquiries. History and current events influence design and interpretation and how proposed explanations are evaluated.
Scientists conduct investigations for variety of reasons such as...	.. Discovering new aspects of world, explain recent observations, test conclusion of prior labs, test predictions of current theories.
scientists rely on technology to enhance the gathering and manipulation data. New data and tools..	.. Provide new evidence, new methods, and contribute to improved accuracy/precision depending on the tech used.
math is essential b/c math tools and models..	.. Guide and improve the posing of questions, gathering of data, constructing explanations and communicating results.
scientific explanations must adhere to criteria such as...	.. Being logically consistent, abiding by evidence, open to questions and modification, based on historical and current scientific knowledge.
results of scientific inquiry emerge from...	.. Different types of investigations, public communication.
In communicating/defending results of inquiry..	.. Arguments should be logical, demonstrate connections between natural phenomena, investigations, and historical body of knowledge and methods/procedures must be clearly published so others can study.
Physical science 6 standards	structure of atoms, structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions, motions and forces, conservation of energy and increase in disorder, interactions of energy and matter.
applications of properties of substances and changes through a range of chemical interactions include..	... extracting elements from ore, creating new drugs, manipulating the structure of genes, synthesizing polymers
Matter is made of minute particles....	matter is made of minute particles called atoms and atoms are made of smaller components. These components have measurable properties like mass and electrical charge. Each atom has a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. The electric force between the nucleus and electrons holds the atom together.
The atom's nucleus is composed of...	... protons and neutrons, which are much more massive than electrons. When an element has atoms that differ in the number of neutrons, these atoms are called different isotopes of the same element.
The nuclear forces that hold the nucleus of an atom together, at nuclear distances, are usually...	... stronger than the electric forces that would make it fly apart. Nuclear reactions convert a fraction of the mass of interacting particles into energy and they can release much greater amounts of energy than atomic interactions.
Fission is...	.. The splitting of a larger nucleus into smaller pieces. Fusion is the joining of two nuclei at extremely high temperature and pressure and is the process responsible for the energy of the sun and other stars.
radioactive isotopes are unstable and undergo spontaneous nuclear reactions...	... emitting particles and/or wavelike radiation. The decay of any one nucleus cannot be predicted, but a large group of identical nuclei decay at a predictable rate. This predictability can be used to estimate age of materials with radioactive isotopes.
atoms interact with one another by...	... transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from nucleus. These outer electrons govern the chemical properties of the element
an element is composed of..	... a single type of atom When elements are listed in order by # of protons (atomic #), repeating patterns of physical and chemical properties identify families of elements with similar properties. The periodic table is a consequence of the repeating pattern of outermost electrons and permitted energies.
bonds are created when..	...electrons are paired up by being transferred or shared. Elements are made of a single type of atom. Atoms may be bonded together into molecules or crystalline solids. A compound is made when two or more kinds of atoms bind together chemically.
the physical properties of compounds reflect..	... the nature of the interactions among its molecules. These interactions are determined by the structure of the molecule, including the constituent atoms and the distances and angles between them.
solids, liquids, and gases differ in..	.. The distances and angles between molecules or atoms and therefore the energy that binds them together. In solids the structure is rigid, in liquids molecules move around each other but don't move apart, and in gasses the atoms/molecules move independently of each other and far apart.
carbon atoms can bond to one another in...	..chains, rings, and branching network to form a variety of structures, including synthetic polymers, oils, and the large molecules essential for life.
chemical reactions occur all around us, for example..	in health care, cooking, cosmetics, and cars. Complex reactions involve carbon based molecules take place constantly in every cell in our bodies.
chemical reactions may release or consume...	...energy. Some reactions such as the burning of fossil fuels release large amounts of energy through heat and by emitting light. Light can initiate many reactions such as photosynthesis and the evolution of smog.
A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either ...	...electrons (like oxidation/reduction reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions, chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds. Radical reactions control many processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and explosions.
Chemical reactions can take place in time periods from..	.. A few famtoseconds required for an atom to move a fraction of a bond distance to geologic timescale san billions of years. Reaction rates depend on how often the reacting atoms and molecules encounter one another, temperature, and properties like shape of the reactants.
catalysts such as...	.. Metal surfaces, accelerate chemical reactions. Chemical reactions in living systems are catalyzed by protein molecules called enzymes.
objects change their motion only when...	..a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F=ma which is independent of the nature of the force. whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal an opposite is exerted on the first object
gravitation is a universal force that...	..each mass exerts on any other mass. The strength of the gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square distance between them.
between any two charged particles, electric force is	... vastly greater than the gravitational force. Most observable forces such as those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces acting between atoms and molecules.
gravitational force equation	F= G(m1 m2) / d^2 (G is the universal gravitational constant of 6.6x10-11 NM^2 / kg^2
electricity and magnetism are two aspects of a single..	..electromagnetic force. Moving electric charges produce magnetic forces an moving magnets produce electrical forces. These effects help students to understand motors and generators.
the total energy of the universe is...	..constant. Energy can be transferred by collisions in chemical and nuclear reactions, by light waves and other radiations, an din many other ways. However, it can never be destroyed. As these transfers occur, the matter involved becomes steadily less ordered.
All energy can be considered to be...	... kinetic (of motion) or potential (depending on relative position) or energy contained by a field (like electromagnetic waves)
heat consists of...	.. Random motion and the vibrations of atoms, molecules, and ions. The higher the temperature, the greater the atomic or molecular motion.
everything tends to become...	... less organized and orderly over time. Thus, the overall effect in all energy transfers is that the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfers of energy from hotter to cooler objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels.
waves, include...	... sound, seismic, waves on water and light waves. They include nervy and can transfer energy when interacting with matter.
electromagnetic waves result when..	a charged object is accelerated or decelerated. They include radio waves, microwaves, infra red radiation (radiant heat), visible light, UV light, x-rays, and gamma rays. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude (freq) is inversely proportional to the wavelength
each kind of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in..	.. Particular discrete amounts and thus can absorb and emit light only at a wavelengths corresponding to those amounts. These wavelengths can be sued to identify a substance
in some materials, such as metals..	.. Electrons flow more easily whereas in insulting materials, such as glass they hardly flow at all. Semi conducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperatures some materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons.
because molecular biology will continue into the 20th century as a major frontier of science, students should understand	the chemical basis of life not only for its own sake but because of the need to take informed positions on practical and ethical implication of human kind's capacity to manipulate living organisms.
in general, students recognize the idea of species as a basis for...	classifying things but few will refer to the genetic basis of species. They may exhibit a general understanding of classification but when presented with unique organisms, they sometimes appeal to everyday classifications like viewing jellyfish as fish because of "fish".
students may indicate they know about cells but...	.. They may say systems are made of cells but not molecules.. Forgetting about physical science.
students often do not understand fundamental concepts of evolution like...	.. Understanding natural selection b/c they fail to make a connection between the occurrence of new variations in a population and the potential effects on the long term survival of the species. Often they may attribute new variations to an organism's need , environmental conditions, or use. They can eventually understand mutations occur randomly and are selected for b/c they help the organism survive and produce more offspring.
cells have particular structures that underlie...	their functions. Every cell is surrounded by a membrane that keeps the outside world out and inside there is a concentrated mix of thousands of different molecules which form variety of structures that carry out functions like energy production, transport, waste disposal, synthesis of new molecules, and the storage of genetic material.
most cell functions involve..	...chemical reactions. Food molecules taken into cells react to provide the chemical constituents needed to make other molecules. Both breakdown and synthesis are made possible by enzymes (protein catalysts). Breaking down some food allows the cell to store energy in specific chemicals that are used to carry out the many cell functions.
cells store and use information to guide function. This info is store in..	.. DNA and is used to direct synthesis of proteins.
cell functions are regulated. Regulation occurs...	...both through changes in the activity of the functions performed by proteins and through the selective expression of individual genes. This regulation allows cells to respond to their environment and to control and coordinate cell growth and division.
plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis...	.. Plants and many microorganisms use solar energy to combine molecules of carbon dioxide and water into complex, energy rich organic compounds and release oxygen to the environment. This process of photosynthesis is a vital connection between the sun and the energy needs of living systems.
cells can differentiate...	.. Differentiate and complex multi-cellular organisms are formed as a highly organized arrangement of differentiated cells. In the development of multicell orgs, the progeny of a single cell form an embryo in which cells multiply and differentiate to form the many specialized cells, tissues, and organs that comprise the final organism. this occurs through the expression of different genes.
in all organisms, instructions for specifying characteristics of organisms are carried in..	DNA.. Polymer made of 4 different nucleotides. The chemical and structural properties of DNA explain how the genetic info underlying heredity is encoded in genes and replicated. Each DNA molecule in a cell forms a single chromosome.
most cells in humans contain two copies each of...	... 22 different somatic chromosomes and one pair of chromosomes that determine sex. Transmission of genetic info to offspring occurs through egg and sperm cells with only one copy of each chromosome. They unite to form a zygote
the fact that the human body is formed from cells that contain two copies of each chromosome...	...thus two copies of each gene, explains many features of heredity like variations hidden in one generation are seen in the next.
changes in DNA called..	.. Mutations occur spontaneously at low rates. Some changes make no difference whereas others can change cells an organisms. Only mutations in germ cells can create the variation needed to change the offspring.
species evolve over time. Evolution is the consequence of..	.. The interactions of 1) the potential for a species to increase its numbers, 2) the genetic variability of offspring due to mutation and recombination of genes, 3) a finite supply of the resources required for life and 4) the ensuing selection by the environment of those offspring better able to survive and leave offspring.
the great diversity of organisms is the result of more than..	..3.5 billion years of evolution that has filled every available niche with life forms.
natural selection and it's evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for..	.. The fossil record of ancient life forms, as well as for the striking molecular similarities observed among the diverse species of living organisms.
the millions of different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms that live on earth today..	.. Are related by descent from a common ancestor.
biological classifications are based on how organisms are related. They are classified into...	.. A hierarch of groups and subgroups based on similarities which reflect their evolutionary relationships. Species is the most fundamental unit of classification.
the atoms and molecules on the earth cycle among..	.. The living and nonliving components of the biosphere.
energy flows through ecosystems in one direction - from...	... photosynthetic organisms to herbivores to carnivores and decomposers.
organisms both cooperate and compete in ecosystems. These interrelationships and dependencies...	may generate ecosystems stable for hundreds or thousands of years.
living organisms have the capacity to produce populations of..	..infinite size but environments and resources are finite. This fundamental tension has profound effects on the interactions between organisms.
human beings live within the world's ecosystems. Increasingly, humans ...	... modify ecosystems as a result of population growth, technology, and consumption. Human destruction of habitats through direct harvesting, pollution, atmospheric changes, and other factors threatens global stability and if not addressed ecosystems can be irreversibly affected.
all matter tends toward..	..disorganized states. Living systems require a continuous input of energy to maintain their chemical and physical organizations. With death, and the cessation of energy input, living systems rapidly disintegrate.
the energy for life primarily derives from..	.. The sun. Plants capture energy by absorbing light and using it to form strong (covalent) bonds between atoms of organic molecules. These molecules can be used to assemble larger molecules with biological activity (like proteins, DNA, sugars, and fats). In addition, the energy stored in bonds between atoms can be used as energy sources for life processes.
the chemical bonds of food molecules contain energy.. Energy is released...	.. When bonds are broken and new compounds with lower energy bonds are formed. Cells store this energy temporarily in phosphate bonds of ATP.
the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for...	... obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating the matter and energy used to sustain the organism.
the distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by..	..the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials.
as matter and energy flows through different levels of organization of living systems such as..	... cells, organs, organisms, communities - and between living systems and physical environment - chemical elements are combined in different ways. Each recombination results in storage and dissipation of energy into the environment as heat. Matter and energy are conserved in each change.
multicellular animals have nervous systems that..	.. Generate behavior. These systems are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell extensions that make up nerves. The nerve cells communicate with each other by secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules. in sense organs, specialized cells detect light, sound, and specific chemicals and enable animals to monitor what is going on in the world around them.
organisms have behavioral responses to..	.. Internal changes and external stimuli. Responses to external stimuli can result from interactions with the organism's own species and others, as well as environmental changes; these responses can be innate or learned. The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by animals have evolved to ensure reproductive success. animals often live in unpredictable environments sand so their behavior must be flexible. plants also respond to stimuli.
like other aspects of an organisms' biology, behaviors have..	.. Evolved through natural selection. Behaviors often have to be adaptive logic when viewed in terms of evolutionary principles.
behavioral biology has implications for humans as it..	.. Provides links to psychology, sociology, and anthropology.
driven by sunlight and earth's internal heat...	.. A variety of cycles connect and circulate energy and material through the components of the earth system.
the water cycle is not just a carrier of material but this key cycle is also an important agent for...	.. Energy transfer. It plays a role in establishing and maintaining earth's climate.
the earth can fluctuate	... in the short term but long term it's normally stable. For example, global temperature has fluctuated within a relatively narrow range so life can survive and evolve but some fluctuations produce dramatic effects in earth systems like ice ages and mass extinctions.
looking outward into space and deep time, astronomers have shown that we live in ...	.. A vast an ancient universe. The laws of matter are the same in all parts of the universe and over billions of years so that it's possible to understand the structure and evolution of the universe through laboratory experiments and current observations of events and phenomena in universe.
earth systems have internal and external sources of...	.. Energy , both of which create heat. The sun is the major external source of energy. 2 source of internal energy are the decay of radioactive isotopes and gravitational energy from the earth's original formation.
the outward transfer of earth's internal heat drives..	... convection circulation in the mantle that propels the plates across the surface of the globe.
heating of earth's surface and atmosphere by the sun drives..	.. Convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents.
global climate is determined by	.. Energy transfer from the sun at and near the earth's surface. The energy transfer is influenced by dynamic processes such as cloud cover and the earth's rotation, and static conditions such as the position of mountain ranges and oceans.
the earth is a system containing essentially a fixed amount of each..	... stable chemical atom or element. Each element can exist in several different chemical reservoirs. Each element on the earth moves among reservoirs in the solid earth, oceans, atmosphere, and organism in geochemical cycles.
movement of matter between reservoirs is driven by...	.. The earth's internal and external sources of energy. These movements are often accompanied by a change in the physical and chemical properties of the matter. Carbon, for example, occurs in carbonate rocks such as limestone, in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas, in water as dissolved carbon dioxide, and in all organisms as complex molecules.
the sun, earth, and the rest of the solar system formed..	.. From a nebular cloud of dust and gas 4.6 billion years ago. The early earth was very different from the planet we are on today.
geologic time can be estimated by ...	observing rock sequences and using fossils to correlate the sequences at various locations. Current methods include using the known decay rates of radioactive isotopes present in rocks to measure for time since the rock was formed.
interactions among the solid earth, the oceans, atmosphere, and organisms have resulted in..	.. The ongoing evolution of the earth system. We can observe some changes such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on a human time scale but many processes like mountain building and plate movements take place over hundreds of millions years.
evidence for one-celled forms of life (the bacteria) ..	..extends back more than 3.5billion years. The evolution of life caused dramatic changes in the composition of the earth's atmosphere, which did not originally contain oxygen.
the origin of the universe remains one of the greatest questions in science. The big bang theory places the origin..	.. Between 10 and 20 billion years ago, when the universe began in a hot dense state according to this theory the universe has been expanding ever since.
early in the history of the universe, matter, primarily the..	.. Light atoms of hydrogen and helium, clumped together by gravitational attraction to form countless trillions of stars. Billions of galaxies, each of which is a gravitationally bound cluster of billions of stars, no form most of ht visible mass in the universe.
stars produce..	.. Energy from nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium. These and other processes in stars have led to the formation of all the other elements.
abilities of technological design include..	ability to: identify a problem or design an opportunity, propose designs and choose between alternative solutions, implement a proposed solution, evaluate the solution and it's consequences, communicate the problem, process and solution.
science often advances with..	.. The introduction of new technologies. Solving tech problems often results in new knowledge. This extends what we research.
required in the work of science and engineering are:	creativity, imagination, and a good knowledge base.
science and technology are pursued for different purposes...	science to investigate and understand the natural world and technology to meet needs and solve problems. Tech may produce new problems.
tech knowledge is often not made public because of..	.. Patents and financial potential of the idea or invention. Science knowledge is made public through presentations and publications.
the severity of diseases symptoms is dependent on..	.. Factors like human resistance and virulence of the disease producing organism. Many diseases can be prevented, controlled or cured but some result form specific body dysfunctions and cannot be transmitted (like cancer).
personal choice concerning fitness and health involves multiple factors like..	personal goals, peer/social pressure, ethnic/religious beliefs and understanding biological consequences.
an individual's mood and behavior can be modified by..	..substances. The mod can be good or bad depending on the motives, substance, duration, pattern of use, level of influence and short/long term effects. Students should understand that drugs can result in dependence and increase the risk of injury, accidents, death.
selection of foods and eating patterns determine..	.. Nutritional balance which has direct effect on growth and development and personal well being. Lots of factors influence choices.
families serve basic health needs..	.. Regardless of the family structure, individuals have families that involve a variety of physical, mental, and social relationships that influence the maintenance and improvement of health.
sexuality is basic to the physical, mental and social growth of humans. Student should understand that human sexuality...	.. Involves biological functions, psychological motives, and cultural/ethnic/religious/tech influences. Sex is a basic/powerful force with consequences to health and society. Methods of controlling reproduction have different effectiveness and consequences.
population grow or decline through..	.. Combined effects of births and earths and emigration and immigration and can grow through linear and exponential growth with effects on resource use and environmental pollution.
various factors impact birth rates and fertility rates such as..	.. Average levels of affluence and education, importance of kids in labor force, education and employment of women infant mortality, costs of raising kids, birth control method availability, and religious/cultural norms.
populations can reach limits to growth..	.. Carrying capacity.. Is not the availability of space but the number of people in relation to resources and the capacity of the earth systems to support human beings. Changes in tech can cause changes - either pos or neg in carrying capacity.
human populations use resources in the environment to..	.. Maintain and improve existence. Natural resources have been and will be used to maintain human pops.
the earth does not have infinite resources -	... increasing human consumption places severe stress on the natural processes that renew some resources and depletes those that can't be renewed.
humans use many natural systems as resources...	.. Natural systems have the capacity to reuse waste but that is limited. Natural systems can change to an extent that exceed the limits of organisms to adapt naturally or humans to adapt technologically.
natural ecosystems provide an array of basic processes that affect humans..	.. Those processes include maintenance of t the quality of the atmosphere, generation of soils, control of the hydrologic cycle, disposal of wastes, recycling of nutrients. Humans are changing many of these basic processes and those changes can be bad.
materials from human societies affect ..	...both physical and chemical cycles of the earth..
many factors influence environmental quality like..	.. Pop growth, resource use, pop distribution, over consumption, tech to solve problems, poverty, economic/political/religious views and different views of the earth.
normal adjustments of earth may be..	..hazardous for humans. We live at the interface of atmosphere driven by solar energy and upper mantle where convection creates changes in earth's solid crust. As societies have grown, become stable, and come to value aspects of the environment, vulnerability to change has increase.
human activities can enhance the potential for	.. Hazards. Acquisition of resources, urban growth and waste disposal can accelerate rates of natural change.
some hazards are rapid and spectacular but there are slow ones that result in changes too. For example..	volcanoes/earthquakes/weather are fast but erosion, sedimentation, erosion, wasting of soil can negatively effect society.
natural and human made hazards present the need for humans to..	..assess danger and risk. Many changes that can bring benefits can also cause risks. Students should understand trade-offs from major catastrophes with major risk to minor risk to a few people.
science and tech alone can only indicate what can happen, not what..	.. Should happen. That involves use about knowledge.
progress in science and tech can be affected by social issues and challenges...	.. Funding priorities for health probs serve as examples of ways social issues influence science and tech.
important questions for students to ask about risks, costs, gains, etc...	what can happen, what are the odds, how do scientists/engineers know what will happen?
humans have a major effect on other species. For example..	.. Through land use - which decreases space for other species and pollution which changes chemical composition of air, water, and soil.

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