| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Local School | Parents made the curriculm. Promoted spiritual and patrotic values |
| Traditional Education | Knowledge is passed from one generation down to the next. |
| Blue Backed Speller | Created by Noah Webster (taught millions to read and not one to sin). 2nd most used book in the 19th century for teaching |
| McGuffey's Reader | Most widely used and distributed series of schoolbooks. Taught Christian behavior, morals, patriotism, etc. |
| Horace Mann | promoted public primary schools. Founded the first normal school (school for training teachers) |
| Public School | free school funded by taxpayers. Didn't teach Christian values, just basic morals |
| First Public High School | Boston in 1821 |
| Georgia State | First chartered state university in 1785 |
| University of North Carolina | first operational state-chartered school in 1795 |
| Oberlin College | first college to teach women and African Americans |
| Wesleyan College | 1st college for women only |
| Lyceum | organizations that host, sponsor, and organize discussions. fathered by Joseph Holbrook |
| Library | funded by wealthy people to further adult education. 1848- First public library- Boston Public Library |
| Romantic Era | full of emotions. 19th century |
| Schoolroom/ Fireside Poets | Poetry taught in schools and people liked to read it at home. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell, James Russell Lowell |
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | wrote Paul Revere's Ride and Song of Hiawatha. Schoolroom/ Fireside Poet |
| Greenleaf Whittier | wrote Snowbound. Schoolroom/ Fireside Poet |
| Oliver Wendell | wrote Old Ironsides. Schoolroom/ Fireside Poet |
| James Russell Lowell | wrote powerful patriotic verse |
| Washington Irving | wrote Legend of Sleepy Hollow. known as the Inventor of the Short Story |
| James Fenimore Cooper | wrote the Last of the Mohicans |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | wrote the Scarlet Letter |
| Herman Melville | wrote Moby Dick |
| Edgar Allen Poe | wrote very dark works such as The Telltale Heart, The Raven, The Bells |
| African American Slaves contibutions to music | the banjo and Negro Spirituals |
| Stephen Foster | wrote the song Oh Susanna and lots of other songs. Known for his Folk Music and he is the best known composer of his time. |
| Lowell Mason | singing schools- folk and classical music |
| Gilbert Stuart | artist who painted George Washington's portait |
| Charles Wilson Peale | founded the Academy of Fine Arts Philedelphia. Had lots of kids who were artists. |
| Edward Hicks | painted the Peaceable Kingdom |
| Hudson River School | Artists included Thomas Cole, Asher Durand and Frederic Church. Focused on the American Landscape. |
| Family Farms | difficult but satisfying. not many had slaves, or if they did, there were not very many. |
| Plantations | slave labor and cash crops (tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice) |
| Jedediah Smith | mountain man. Best friends were his gun and Bible. 1st white man to enter california by land. Discovered the South Pass (a wagon route from Wyoming to Oregon) |
| James Beckwourth | Black American warrior who lead the Chief of the Crow Indian tribe because they thought he was a lost chieft. Discovered Beckwourth Pass (main wagon route into Sacremento Valley) |
| William Becknell | trader who made a 2000% profit on a journey |
| Sante Fe trail | a wider trail for easier faster travel by William Becknell |
| Call to Oregon | 4 Indians came to St. Louis looking for the Bible. 2 died on the trip. they never found it. |
| Jason Lee | felt called by God to share the "Book of Heaven" (Bible) with the Indians |
| John McLoughlin | supervisor of Ft. Vancouver. Helped settlers get started. "White Headed Eagle" -Indian; "Father of Oregon" - Americans |
| Dr. Marcus Whitman | missionary to the Cayuse Indians to make it safer for pioneers. Brutally murdered under false suspicions |
| The Great Migration | 1843- Oregon Trail- 120 wagons and 1000 pioneers. Lead by Dr. Marcus Whitman. Largest migation into Oregon |
| Massacre at the Mission | Indians saw that the Caucasian children were healing from a measles epidemic while the Indians died. They murdered the Whitmans because they thought they were healing the White children. |
| Oregon Trail | Due to a fever epidemic in the 1840's- 50's many took this route to find better health. |
| Wyeth's Trip west | 1st narrative account of journey to the west. Indians traded things for alchol and tobacco |
| Independence, Missouri | Starting point for Oregon trips |
| Chimney Rock | a landmark |
| Independence Rock | if pioneers reached this before the 4th of July, they would probably make it to Oregon before the heavy snows |
| John Fremont | 1843- expedition of soldiers including Kit Carson. 1st to cross Sierra Nevada Mountains in winter |
| Bear Flag Revolt | lead by Fremont in May 1846. California gets its independence with the USA from Mexico |
| Republic of California | very little resistance headed towards America |
| Gold discovered at Sutter's Mill | John Sutter was cleaning out a saw mill and found a pea sized lump of gold (98 2/3 % pure) on January 12, 1848. Started the Goldrush |
| William Taylor | a street preacher to the 49er's. "Mining for souls not gold" |
| Americans in Texas | Mexican and Spanish government welcome the Americans to develop their land. 1821- Mexico gains their independence from spain and the new government agrees to renew agreement with Austin family to allow 30000 citizens to sttle in Mexico |
| Stephen Austin | Father of Texas |
| Santa Anna | 1830- new rules forbid settlingin TX; no representation for current settlers; no trial for Americans |
| REMEMBER THE ALAMO | battle cry of revenge for texan independence from Mexico in 1836 |
| Sam Houston | elected leader of the Lone Star Republic of Texas |
| Colonel William Barett Travis | lead the regular forces at the Alamo |
| Jim Bowie | commanded the volunteers |
| Davy Crockett | tennessee volunteer killed at the Alamo |
| Victory at San Jacinto | Sam Houston and his men defeat Santa Anna in 18 minutes and Texas is free |
| Republic of Texas | remains an independent republic for 9 year. some wanted to be a state- but it wasn't american land |
| Manifest destiny | God's provision that we will settle coast to coast |
| Annexation | the formal act of acquiring something (especially territory) by conquest or occupation |
| James Polk | dark horse candidate- elected 1844 |
| 54' 40" or fight | James Polk's Campaign Slogan |
| Annexation of Texas and Oregon | Oregon treaty gives US land south of the 49th parallel; Texas becomes a state but there is a border problem |
| Mexican War | now involves the USA because of a border dispute |
| Zachary Taylor | General ordered to chase out Santa Anna at Buena Vista; Nicknamed "Old Rough and Ready" later becomes president |
| General Winfield Scott | Vera Cruz- 1st amphibious landing- succesful- headed to Mexico City |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo | 1848- ends the Mexican War |
| Mexican Cession | $15 million land purchase. TEXAS IS NOT INCLUDED IN THIS PURCHASE! |
| Morman Migration | migration of mormans from upstate new york to salt lake city. Brigham Young becomes the leader after Joseph Smith dies. 11000 moved to escape persecution. |
| Gadsen Purchase | $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny! |
| Longfellow | "Paul Revere's Ride", and, "Song of the Hiawatha" |
| Whittier | "Snowbound" |
| Oliver Wendel Holmes | "Old Ironsides" |
| Lowell | patriotic verses |
| Washington Irving | Legend of Sleepy Hallow |
| James F. Cooper | The Last of the Motherhood |
| Hawthorn | The Scarlet Letter |
| Herman Melville | Moby Dick |
| Edgar Allen Poe | (depressed) wrote dark books and among the first to be detective stories |
| Negro/Spiritual | emerged from freedom and underground railroad |
| banjo | folk music |
| Stephen Foster | Oh Susannah |
| Edward Hicks | (art) "Peaceable Kingdom" |
| Noah Webster | Blue Backed Speller, and dictionary |
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