| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Equine Usage | 75% are used for pleasure/pets (show, trail riding, yard ornaments). 25% actually work (ranching, racing, breeding, rodeo) |
| Behavior | very intelligent and can put ideas together. They can remember bad as well as good habits. Training is key. Nonaggessive by nature. Instinctively will flee from danger. If cornered, they will strike, kick, and bite |
| Restraint | Never approach from the rear without warning. Physical- halter, lip shank, nose twitch, ear twitch. Chemial- sedation |
| Normal Body Temperature | 100 F |
| Normal Adult Pulse | 30-45 bpm |
| Normal Foal Pulse | 45-75 bpm |
| Number of Deciduous "milk teeth" | 24 |
| Permanent teeth | 40-42 teeth depending on the presence of "wolf teeth" |
| Centrals (nippers) | Eruption of permanents: 2.5 years |
| Middles (intermediates) | Eruption of permanents: 3.5 years |
| Laterals | Eruption of permanents: 4.5 years |
| Life span | 25-40 years |
| Temporary teeth | smaller, whiter, constricted at the gum line |
| Horses have a full mouth at.. | 5 years of age |
| Lower nipper cups | gone at 6 years |
| Lower middle cups | gone at 7 years |
| lower lateral cups | gone at 8 years |
| Smooth mouthed at | 11 years, no cups upper or lower |
| angle of incisors | lessens as the horse ages |
| Chewing action | the upper jaw in cheek teeth area overlaps the lower jaw and horses chew with a sissor action. (do not grind) |
| Sharp points on teeth form | On the inside of lower jaw and outside of upper arcade |
| Floating | use dental float regularly in horses over 5 years old to file down points that develop from scissor action of jaw to prevent mouth ulcers |
| Equine dentistry | sedate horse, place mouth speculum or hold tongue and file the points |
| Breeding age of Mares and Stallions | usually bred at 2 years or older |
| Birth weight | 100 lbs or more |
| Mature weight | dependant upon breed. Ave. wt. 800-1000 lbs |
| Brood mare | an adult female used exclusively for breeding |
| twitch | device used to grasp horses nose or ear for restraint |
| Hand | a unit of measurement (4") to measure a horse's height from ground to top of withers |
| frog | center fleshy part of bottom of horse's foot that acts as a shock absorber as the horse walks |
| foaling | birthing, act of parturition |
| Hobble | tying of the front or rear legs together to prevent running or kicking |
| Heaves | chronic respiratory condition in horses, similar to asthma |
| Founder | Laminitis or inflammation of the sensitive lamina binding the hoof wall to the coffin bone (P-III). Secondary to laminitis- the coffin bone rotates. |
| Tack | Horse equipment, accessories, halter, bridles, saddles, etc. |
| Maiden Mare | A mare being bred for the first time or is carrying her first foal |
| Barren Mare | Open, non-pregnant mare |
| Gait | the forward movement of a horse |
| Yearling | a horse, m/f, during the first year of their life after it's weaned |
| Farrier | person who trims feet and shoes horses |
| Far side or off side | Horse's right side |
| Near Side | Horse's left side, the mounting side |
| Stay apparatus | the ability of a horse to shift its weight and rest one hind leg and/or sleep while standing |
| Normal Breeding Season | Feb-July |
| Estrous Cycle | 21 days |
| Estrus | 5-7 days, ovulation occurs about 1-2 days before end of heat |
| Teasing Procedure | parading the mare to the stallion to look for signs of heat: whinney, turns rear toward stallion, squat and urinate frequently, "wink" vulvar lips, slight mucus discharge= mare will stand for breeding |
| Mares are bred | on the 2nd and 3rd day of heat, then are teased daily thereafter |
| Gestation | 11-11.5 months (335-340 days) |
| Foaling Season | Jan 1st thru June |
| Foal Heat | The first heat after foaling, usually within 4-14 days of foaling |
| Mare Culture | not necessary for maiden mares but is recommended for all older mares, or mares that have foaled. Done at 1st sign of heat. |
| Ultrasound | done as early as 25-30 days |
| Rectal exam | usually done at 35-45 days to palpate fetus |
| Blood progesterone | 21 days or more after breeding |
| Foaling Stall | size of 2 box stalls, box stall= 12'x12' |
| Placenta | should be dropped within 1-6 hrs, save in a bucket for exam later |
| Start Vaccination Program | at 8-10 weeks |
| Weaning age | 4-6 months |
| Cold Bloods | Breeds that are quiet and gentle (Draft Breeds) |
| Hot Bloods | breeds that are spirited, or high strung (Arabians, Thoroughbreds) |
| Warm Bloods | produced by crossing a cold blood with a hot blood (Hanoverian, Dutch Warm Blood, Trakheiner) |
| Pony breeds | any breed of horse standing less than 14.2 hands high |
| Piebald | black and white color pattern |
| Skewbald | white and any other color but black |
| Tobiano | Has dark colors on head, chest and flanks, but the tail and lower legs are white. Color is pored on top of horse |
| Overo | the horse has jagged edged white markings on the midsection of the body and neck, and one or more legs are dark colored. The white usually does not cross the back btwn the withers and tail. Colored pored on horse while tipped over on its back |
| Jack | Male donkey or ass |
| Jennet (Jenny) | Female donkey |
| mule | offspring of a Jack and a Mare (sterile and larger than a donkey) |
| Hinny | offspring of a Stallion and a Jenny. Smaller in size than a mule (usually sterile, looks like a small horse) |
| Roan | a mixture of white and colored hairs intermingled |
| Gray | Black and white hairs mixed into a base color |
| Paints and Pintos | have patterns of random areas of white on any base color |
| Black | A rare color, will fade in sunlight to give a reddish, sunburned appearance to the body |
| Brown | a body color that is almost black, lighter around eyes |
| Bay | a brownish-red body color with black points |
| Grullo or Grulla | Bluish color with black points |
| Buckskin | Yellow body color with black points |
| Chestnut | deep red body color, which has black hairs intermingled |
| Sorrel | Body coat that is clear red |
| Dun | Horses with red points, which have red rather than black dorsal stripes and/or zebra stripes |
| Palomino | yellow to gold body color with cream to white points |
| Pleasure | riding, 4 H/show, cutting competitions |
| Racing | fast track racing- 1/2 mile |
| Stock work | ranch, amish, rodeo |
| Digestive System | Monogastric with an enlarged cecum |
| Equine housing | must have adequate shelter from elements, avoid "rain rot", you must keep the area clear of all sharp protrusions, do not use barb wire fencing |
| Colic | abdominal pain. The most common cause in horses is parasites or blood worms |
| Azoturia | AKA Monday Morning Disease, Tying-Up Syndrome. Occurs when a horse is asked to work following an extended rest. The horse will stiffen, sweat, and produce dark urine |
| Respiratory Disease | URI- viral etiology, Flu- coughing, snotty nose |
| Equine Infectious Anemia | Vector- blood borne, Coggin's rest prior to travel, every 6 months |
| Encephalomyelitis- Sleeping Sickness | Virus carried by mosquitoes, neurologic dead hors, vaccinate yearly |
| Potomac Horse Fever | Equine ehrlichial colitis, acute diarrhea cause by E. risticii, vectors- ticks, fleas, lice. Vaccinate |
| West Nile | Vector- mosquitoe, 38% mortality, neurological disease, vaccinate |
| Thrush | fungus infection in plantar surface (rear feet) and palmar surfaces (front) of hoof |
| Hoof Disease | quarter cracks in wall due to lack of trimming. Founder/laminitis, abscess |
| Tetanus toxoid | pregnant mares 1 month prior to foaling, builds up resistance |
| Tetanus antitoxin | treats or boosters |
| Viral Rhinopneumonitis | Pneumonia, abortions |
Combine with other sets
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