Biology Final Exam
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73 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cell | The basic unit of all forms of life |
| Cell Theory | fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic unit of strucutre and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells. |
| Cell Membrane | thin, flexible barrier that surrounds ALL cells; it regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| Nucelous | in cells, the structure that contains the cells genetic material in the form of DNA |
| Eukaryote | organism whose cells contain a nucelous |
| Prokaryote | unicellular organism that lacks a nucelous |
| Cytoplasm | fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| Organelle | specialized strucutre that preforms important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell |
| Vacuole | cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Lysosome | cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organiziation and is involed in cell movement |
| Centriole | the structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division |
| Ribosome | cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; the place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled |
| Golgi Appartus | organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for strorage in the cell or release outside the cell. |
| Chloroplast | organelle found in cells of plants and other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| Mitochondrion | the cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convinient for the cell to use |
| Cell Wall | strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells |
| Lipid Bilayer | the flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
| selectively Permeable | property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot |
| Diffusion | process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concntrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels |
| Aquaporin | the water channel protein in a cell |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| Hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
| Hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
| Osmotic Pressure | pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane |
| Homeostasis | relatively consistant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain |
| Tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| Organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
| Organ System | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| Receptor | on or in a cell, a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone. |
| Adenosine Tripohsphate (ATP) | compound used by cells to store and release energy |
| Heterotroph | organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; a consumer |
| Autotroph | organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; a producer. |
| Photosynthesis | process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. |
| Pigment | light-absoribing molecules used by plants to gather the suns energy |
| Chlorophyll | Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
| Thylakoid | saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
| Stroma | fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids |
| NADP+ | carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules |
| light-dependent reactions | set of reactions in photosynthesis that uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
| light-independent reactions | set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also known as THE CALVIN CYCLE |
| Photosystem | cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids |
| Electron Transport Chain | series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions |
| ATP Synthase | cluster of proteins that span the thylakoid membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it |
| Calvin Cycle | the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar |
| Calorie | the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius |
| Cellular Respiration | process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen |
| Aeorobic | process that requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen |
| Glycolysis | first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which 1 molecule of glucose, a 6-carbon compound, is transformed into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound |
| NAD+ | electron carrier involed in glycolysis |
| Krebs Cycle | second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. (the citric acid cycle) |
| matrix | inermost compartment of the mitochondrion |
| fermentation | process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
| cell division | process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
| asexual reproduction | process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
| sexual reproduction | type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism |
| Chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next. |
| Chromatin | substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones |
| Cell Cycle | series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for divison, and divides to form two daughter cells. |
| Interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions in which the cell grows |
| Mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucelous divides |
| Cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells |
| Prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nuceleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible |
| Centromore | region of a chromosomes where the two sister chromatids attach |
| Chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome |
| Centriole | strucutre in an animal cell that helps to organize cell divison |
| Metaphase | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| Anaphase | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes seperate and move to opposite ends of the cell (a-away). |
| Telophase | Phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin. |
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