| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Corporate colonies | ex: Jamestown; operated by joint-stock companies |
| Royal colonies | ex: Virginia (1624); under the direct authority and rule of the king's government |
| Proprietary Colonies | ex: Maryland and Pennsylvania; under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king |
| Chesapeake colonies | Maryland and Virginia |
| George Calvert; Lord Baltimore | King Charles I subdivided Virginia colony land; chartered a new colony located on either side of the Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to him as a reward for his loyal service to the crown |
| Cecil Calvert; Lord Baltimore | son of George Calvert, the 2nd Lord Baltimore |
| Act of Toleration (1649) | Calvert persuaded the largely Protestant assembly to pass this law, the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians; also called for death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus |
| Virginia | first English colony, had economic problems, political problems and lasting problems |
| Sir William Berkeley | royal governor of VA (1641-1652; 1660-1677), adopted policies that favored the large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf; antagonized backwoods farmers on Virginia's western frontier because he failed to protect settlements from Indian attacks |
| Bacon's Rebellion | Nathaniel Bacon, a poor gentleman farmer from England, took the grievances of the Western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley's govt, borne from a resentment of the political and economic control a few large planters had; 1676, conducted a series of raids and massacres against Indian villages on the Western frontier, then defeated the governor's forces and even burned down Jamestown; soon after, Bacon died of dysentery and the rebel army collapsed |
| Indentured servant | usually young people from Britain who agreed to work for a specified period, usually 4-7 years, in return for room and board, and paid passage to the Americas; at the end, gained freedom and either worked for wages or obtained their own farming land |
| Headright system | Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid his own passage and to any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage |
| Slavery | first Africans came to Virginia in 1619 aboard a Dutch ship; initially, had same status as white indentured servants because colonies were struggling to survive and too poor to buy Africans; 1650-400 African laborers in VA, and not all of them were held in permanent bondage-later the House of Burgesses made them slaves, and practiced discrimination |
| Roger Williams | went to Boston in 1631 as a Puritan minister but believed that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority, which placed him in conflict with other Puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment from the Mass Bay colony; Fled southward to Narragansett Bay, where he founded Providence in 1636; recognized rights of Native Americans (paid them for land) and government provided for complete religious toleration |
| Anne Hutchinson | believed in antinomianism (the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation); banished from Mass Bay colony, she founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638, not far from Providence; later killed in Long Island by Indians |
| Rhode Island | 1644, Williams granted a charter from the English parliament, which joined Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony, Rhode Island; religious tolerance here |
| Thomas Hooker | Reverend who led large group of Boston Puritans unhappy with Mass authorities into the Connecticut River Valley and founded Hartford in 1636 |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | Hartford settlers created this first written constitution in American history (1639), establishing a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by a popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature |
| John Davenport | south of Hartford, founded New Haven colony in 1637 |
| Connecticut | 1665, New Haven joined with Hartford to form this colony; granted a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor |
| New Hampshire | last New England colony, originally a part of Mass Bay; Hoping to increase royal control over the colonies, Charles II separated New Hampshire from the Bay colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony, subject to the authority of an appointed governor |
| Halfway covenant | as the younger generation showed less desire to be committed to religious faith and more desire to obtain material success, this was created for those who professed limited religious commitment; people could now take part in church services and activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ |
| New England Confederation | 1643, the New England colonies of Plymouth, Mass Bay, Connecticut and New Haven formed a military alliance directed by a board comprised of two reps from each colony; limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with Native Americans; lasted till 1684, when colonial rivalries and the monarch's reasserted control brought it to an end, but is important because it set a precedent for the colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose |
| Wampanoags | tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers |
| King Phillip's War | (1675-1676), killed thousands on both sides, and dozens of towns and villages were burned but the colonies managed to win, killing King Phillip and ending Native American resistance in New England |
| Restoration colonies | late 17th century colonies formed during the English ___ of power to Charles II (a monarch) in 1660 |
| The Carolinas | Charles II gave land to 8 nobles who helped him regain power in 1663; 1729, North and South Carolina created from the proprietorship |
| South Carolina | trading furs, and providing food for West Indies; 18th century, large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves; had tobacco farms |
| North Carolina | different from South Carolina; small, self-sufficient tobacco farms; few good harbors and poor transportation-fewer large plantations and less reliance on slaves; had rice plantations |
| New York | to consolidate crown holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap between NE and Chesapeake colonies, Charles II got the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley; king gave brother, the Duke of York (James II), the lands lying between Connecticut and Delaware Bay; James gave new taxes, duties, and rents without seeking consent of a representative assembly, and wanted no assembly, but later had to give one to the governor of NY |
| New Jersey | James gave to two friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, a section of NY between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay; 1674, one received West ___and the other East ____; generous land offers, freedom of religion and assembly-1702, single royal colony of New Jersey |
| Pennsylvania | Settled by Quakers (Religious Society of Friends, equality of all men and women, nonviolence, resistance to military service; authority was found in each person's private soul and not in any other outside source); William Penn converts to Quakerism and received a tract of land from the king to pay off a debt owed to his deceased father; forms Pennsylvania; plan to grid the streets in a pattern, which was copied by others, and he treated Native Americans fairly in purchasing the land |
| Holy experiment | to provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in government, and generate a profit |
| Frame of Government (1682-1683) | by Penn, which guaranteed a representative assembly elected by landowners |
| Charter of Liberties (1701) | constitution by Penn, which guaranteed freedom of worship for all and unrestricted immigration |
| Delaware | 1702, Penn gave the lower 3 countries of Pennsylvania their own assembly, creating thisas a separate colony even though Pennsylvania |
| Georgia | 1732, 13th colony chartered; last of the British colonies and the only one to receive direct financial support from London; created to act as a defensive buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida, and to relieve overcrowded jails and prison ships by bringing debtors to an American colony to start life anew |
| James Oglethorpe | royal charter for a proprietary colony, founded the first settlement, Savannah, in 1733; acted as colony |
| Mercantilism | trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth were the bases for a country's military and political strength; a government should regulate trade and production to enable it to become self-sufficient, and colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country for the growth and profit of the parent country's industries (only purpose was to enrich the parent country) |
| Navigation Acts | by England from 1650-1673, with 3 rules for colonial trade- Trade to and from colonies only to be carried by English or colonial-built ships, only operated by English or colonial crews, All goods imported into the colonies could only pass through ports in England, Specified or "enumerated" goods from the colonies could be exported to England only; tobacco was the first but later, most were enumerated |
| Dominion of New England | James II wanted to increase royal control by combining the colonies into large administrative units and doing away with representative assemblies; 1686, NY, NJ and NE colonies |
| Sir Edmund Andros | governor of the Dominion, unpopular because of taxes, limited town meetings, and revoking land titles |
| Glorious Revolution | deposed James II in 1688 with William and Mary; brought Dominion to an end |
| Triangular trade | 1. A ship loaded with barrels of rum would start from a NE port like Boston and cross the Atlantic to West Africa where the rum would be traded for hundreds of captive Africans. 2. The ship would set out on the Middle Passage and those who survived would be traded as slaves in the West Indies for a cargo of sugarcane. 3. The last part of the triangle, the ship would return to England port where the sugar would be sold to be used in making rum |
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