Human Phys Exam Review
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Created by:
Jack_Wymer on December 9, 2008
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100 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anatomy | The study of the structure of the human body |
| Physiology | The study of the functions of the human body |
| Homeostasis | Regulation of constant internal environment |
| Negative feedback | A signal to tell something to stop |
| Proximal | Elbow is _____ to the hand (position) |
| Superior | Cranium is _____ to the hyoid bone (position) |
| Anterior | Sternum is _____ to spinal cord (position) |
| Proximal | Patella is _____ to the tarsus (position) |
| Distal | Ulna is _____ to the humerus (position) |
| Inferior | Diaphragm is _____ to the larynx (position) |
| Lateral | Clavicle is _____ to the sternum (position) |
| Medial | Spinal cord is _____ to the scapula (position) |
| Anatomical Position | The position a body is in when it is standing on its feet, with their arms away from their sides, and palms facing outward |
| Median; Mid-saggital plane | The way the body is divided symetrically straight down the middle |
| Frontal; coronal plane | Divides the body front and back |
| Transverse plane | Divides the body top and bottom |
| Atomic number | Number of protons in an atom |
| number of electrons | The _____ _____ _____ is equal to the number of protons in an atom |
| number of neutrons | The _____ _____ _____ is equal to the mass number minus the atomic number |
| number of electrons | The reactivity of an atom is equal to the _____ _____ _____ |
| Covalent bond | The type of bond where two atoms share an electron |
| Covalent bond | The type of bond illustrated here O=O |
| Ionic bond | A bond where one atom loses an electron and another atom gains an electron |
| Ionic bond | The type of bond illustrated here NaCl |
| Hydrogen bond | The type of bond between hydrogen and two different molecules |
| pH scale | The scale that measures acidity, 1 acidic, 7 water, 12 basic |
| Organic molecule | A type of molecule that contains carbon, often contains hydrogen, and is big |
| Organic molecules in the cell | Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ |
| Carbohydrates | These are made of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | A single group of sugars |
| Monosaccharides | Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all examples of these |
| Disaccharides | A double group of sugars |
| Disaccharides | Maltose, lactose, and sucrose are all examples of these |
| Polysaccharides | A group of many sugars |
| Polysaccharides | Starch and glycogen are examples of these |
| Proteins | These are chains of amino acids |
| Transport protein | Hemoglobin is an example of a _____ _____ |
| Enzymes | Rennin, lipase, and pepsin are all examples of these |
| Structural proteins | Keratin and collagen fibers are examples of these |
| Keratin | Dead cells in the hair and nails is called |
| Collagen fibers | The things that make skin elastic are called |
| Lipids | Phospholipids, triglycerides or triacylglycerol, and steroids are all examples of these |
| Phospholipids | A bilayer of these makes up the cell membrane |
| Triglycerides; triacylglycerol | Three fatty acid chains attached to glycerol are called _____ or _____ |
| Triacylglycerol | Another name for triglycerides |
| Steroid | Cholesterol is a type of _____ |
| Cholesterol | This is made up of four rings of hydrocarbon linked together |
| Organelles | The cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, lysosomes, SER, RER, and the golgi apparatus are all cell _____ |
| Cell membrane | The organelle on the outside of the cell, is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, and controls what goes in and out of the cell |
| Nucleus | organelle in the center of the cell, made up of two layers of nuclear membrane, and it holds the genetic information |
| Mitochondrion | organelle located in the cytoplasm, produces ATP "powerhouse of the cell", and it has a double membrane to increase surface area |
| Ribosomes | organelles found in the cytoplasm and on the RER, they are small and round, and they make protein |
| Lysosomes | organelle that brings things in and out of the cell and breaks them down, contains enzymes, lysozymes |
| Lysozymes | The type of enzymes that are in lysosomes |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; SER | This organelle is found next to the nucleus, and it synthesizes cholesterol |
| Golgi Apparatus | This organelle is found in the cytoplasm and modifies, packages, and transports proteins |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; RER | This organelle is found next to the nucleus, and has ribosomes on it |
| mRNA; protein | DNA passes information to the _____, and then that passes to information to a _____ |
| Transcription | Process where DNA transfers information to the mRNA, it takes place in the nucleus |
| Translation | Process where mRNA transfers information to a protein, done on ribosomes or RER |
| Glycolysis | Process that produces ATP that is done in the cytoplasm |
| Kreb's cycle | Process that produces ATP and is done in the mitochondrion |
| Electron transport | Process that produces the most ATP and occurs in the mitochondrion |
| Mitosis | The process of cell division |
| Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis | The five stages of mitosis are _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ |
| Prophase | Stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane disappears, and the chromosomes condense |
| Metaphase | Stage of mitosis where the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell |
| Anaphase | Stage of mitosis where the chromosomes go to opposite poles |
| Telophase | Stage of mitosis where nuclear membrane begins to form |
| Cytokinesis | Stage of mitosis where the cytoplasm divides, and a cleavage furrow is formed |
| Peroxisomes | Membranous sacs in the cell that detoxify poisonous substances |
| Cystoskeleton | A network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm |
| Microfilaments | These are involved in cell motility ex. actin, myosin |
| Microtubules | These determine the shape of the cell and the amount of organelles |
| Centrioles | Rod-like organelles that aid in cell division |
| Cilia | Small whip-like projections that help move things across the cell's surface |
| Flagella | Long hair-like projections that help move the cell |
| Epithelial cells | Cells that cover and line body organs |
| Epithelial cells | Cells that have a hexagonic shape and pack together to form sheets |
| Skeletal muscle | Muscle that is voluntary and helps move body parts and organs |
| Smooth muscle | Muscle that is involuntary and helps move body parts and organs |
| Fat cell | A cell that stores nutrients |
| Macrophage | A cell that eats things and fights disease |
| Phagocyte | Another name for a macrophage |
| Neuron | A nerve cell |
| Neuron | A cell that controls body functions |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture that contains two or more substances |
| Solvent | The substance with the largest amount in a solution |
| Solutes | The substances with a less amount in a solution |
| Passive transport | Transport that does not require energy |
| Active transport | transport that uses energy |
| Diffusion | Passive transport from a high concentration to a low concentration |
| Osmosis | Diffusion with water |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion using a carrier protein |
| Solute pumping | Active transport that uses ATP to energize carrier proteins |
| Isotonic solution | A solution that is the same as the cell and has no visible effects on it |
| Hypertonic solution | A solution that has more solutes than the cell and causes it to shrivle up |
| Hypotonic solution | A solution that has less solutes than the cell and could cause it to burst, lyse |
| Lyse | Another way to say burst |
| ADP | What's left of the ATP after solute pumping |
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