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What is different about hominoidea locomation when compared to monkeys all hominoideas have hand derived forms of locomotion What kind of locomotion do these use gibbons orangutangs gorilla human gibbons-true brachiation orangutangs- quadrumanous gorilla-knuckle walking human-bipedal Why might gibbons and siamangs perform vocal duets? Territory: the portion of the range that is actively defended against incursion by con-specifics (reinforce spacing between different groups) Does true monogamy characterize gibbons no because adult membership changes regularly as a result of death, mate desertion, or displacement What type of social group characterizes the orangutan? Why is this? solitary but social. Because they are tied to their feeding ecology What is the function of a male orangutan's long calls? may serve as spacing mechanism and as advertisement for receptive females How do different populations of chimpanzees differ in their hunting strategies? *Thai forest: coordinated hunts (hunt red colobus) *Gombe: disorganized hunts (hunt red colobus but also, bushpig, bush back and baboons) What family do gibbons belong to hilobatidae What social group do gibbons have gibbons have pairbonded groups that comprise of 2 adults and 1-3 offspring How do bonobos diffuse aggression Sex a Pan panisus is a bonobo a Pan troglodytes is a cimpanzee what family do chimpanzees and bonovos belong to hominidae Compare chimpanzees and bonobos in terms of their social organization chimps: 1 male philopatric 2 female transfer, establish initial relationships with males 3 male dominance and strong male bonds Bonobos: 1 male philopatric 2 female transfer, establish initial onds with dominant female 3 females are co-dominant or dominent females from the core Compare chimpanzees and bonobos in terms of their behavioral differences Chimps: 1 more territorial 2 often more aggressive Bonobos: 1. peaceful with neighbors 2. sex to diffuse aggression Describe the primate biomes major primate biomes of the earth are tropical and located in central and south America/Africa and asia what are tropical rainforest characteristics 100 inches of rainfall per yr, most plant species are ever green, rainfall and temperature fairly even throughout the year describe the canopy layer connected canopy creates an arboreal highway for primates to move through looking for resources describe the understory layer darker more humid environment no consististent layer, more difficult to move describe the forest floor darkest layer cooler temperature describe the emergent layer peak above the canopy layer What are the different ways that seeds are dispersed primate seed swallowing, seed spitting, and seed predation what happens when a tree is cut down 1. Wipe out many micro habitats 2. Sunlight comes in and dries out forest floor What is Leibig's law of minimum •Factors that are limited in supply will limit the size of the population and may affect behavior and other adaptations Ex. Howler monkeys try new plants that are toxic What are some characteristics of a seasonal tropical forest? •Stratification of forest is greatly reduced and trees are further apart with few continuous canopies •A higher frequency of deciduous trees •More seasonal rainfall and thus influences food resources are more limited What are some challenges primates might face in the seasonal tropical forest •Locomotor challenges: Stratification reduced and trees further apart with few continuous canopies •Dietary challenges: More seasonal food •Predators again pose a threat Harrier hawk What are the characteristics of a tropical savanna? •Trees are present but sparsely distributed •Limited rainfall What are some challenges primates might face in the tropical savanna •Challenges: Sleeping sites Seasonal foods Acacia trees have large thorns and ants (Difficult to procure) Many predators Describe a semi-desert scrub biome. What are some major challenges to primates? and what primate species inhabits this area •Very challenging •Rain falls only during a short wet season if it falls at all •Variable temperature •No major trees, very barren •Challenges: Sleeping sites Cliff faces-limit how far one can travel during the day Predators Food and water • Hamadryas baboons What are the nutritional requirements of primates? What must all animals have, including primates, to keep them healthy? source of energy (carbs and fats) ability to maintain, repair, and build tissure (Proteein) regulate body process (vitamins and minerals) How do primates meet the needs for carbs fruits tree saps (exudates) How do primates meet the needs for proteins veribrates invertibrates leaves and flowers How do primates meet the needs for vitamins and minerals fruit minerals (geophagy) why cant primates eat just leaves for their protein source secondary compounds (could be poisonous) lots of fiber, which means lots of work flowers are highly seasonal why not just eat insects or animal protein costly to find do not provide a large amount of food Why is a banana a high quality food because it has concentrated energy and its low in fiber (easy to digest) What are some ecological constraints on primate feeding behavior? 1. primates must seek out complimentary foods to meet their daily requirements 2. chemical defenses of potential food items (secondary compounds) 3. fiber content 4. limited availability 5. incomplete nutrition 6. distribution of foods: major factor in how primates more around. How is body size important in foraging strategies? the bigger you are you can eat a lot of crappy food and the smaller you are the more higher quality food you want but still cant eat as much as bigger folks How does BMR (basal metabolic rate) relate to body size? Provide some examples BMR does not scale directly with body size it scales to the power of .75 this means that as body size goes up BMR goes down and as bodysize goes down BMR goes up How might the gut morphology look of a primate that concentrates on leaves as a main dietary resource? Gums? Fruit? Insects LEAVES= Enlarged gut-either stomach or cecum (sacculated stomach) GUMS=long cecum FRUIT=long small intestines INSECTS= short simple gut Compare and contrast spider monkeys and howler monkeys in terms of diet, day range, weight, and digestive features. SPIDER: fruit 72% Leaves 22% Flowers 6% Weight 6-8kg Brainsize 107g Day range 915m Howler: fruit 42% Leaves 48% Flowers 10% Weight 6-8kg Brainsize 50.3g Day range 915m What kind of a diet are humans adapted for high quality diet rich in foods such as fruits, oil rich seeds, insects, and vertebrate prey What are there differences between males and females in mortality rates? ♣In general, male primates suffer higher mortality rates than females What is anthropogenic change •the effects or processes derived from human activity What are some behavioral examples of how primates may avoid or decrease the likelihood of disease transmission? ♣Hamadryas baboons and waterborne disease • Drink water filtered by sand ♣Millipedes: cebus and eulemur • Rub millipede juice on them as bug repellent ♣Anting in cebus • Rub fur with carpenter ants to repel tics What are the sex differences in ectoparasite number among ring tailed lemurs? What is a possible explanation for this? Mean number of ectoparasites per individual: •Males 7.18 •Females:4.65 •Females have extended matrilines, so have more grooming partners •Males disperse. When enter a new group do not have a lot of friends to groom them How do primates respond to predation? ♥Avoidance/flight: ♣ Remove yourself from a particular area ♥Vigilance: ♣ Look around for predators ♥Form large groups/mixed species associations ♥Predator detected... ♣ Alarm calls ♣ Seek confrontation What are some examples of polyspecific associations? Why do primates form these groups? •Periods when two different species move and rest together as one group Increased access to foods Enhanced predator detection-more eyes and ears Larger group, lowers the chances that any single individual will be preyed upon Increased predator defense through mobbing and confusion effects How are anti-predator behaviors affected by body size? Small primates: < 1kg ♣Concealment/camouflage (aye aye facial patttern) ♣Vigilance (foraging by themselves) ♣Avoidance/flight Larger primates: >1 kg ♣Mobbing the predator ♣Direct attacks ♣Flight How does the environment affect social behavior? Predators •Group calls Temperature •Gathering together and huddling for warmth Foraging •Can protect resources from other groups Conspecific threats •Other members can help you when another of your species is picking on you What are the different types of primate social groups? ♥One adult: Noyau—solitary but social e.x. galagos, orangutans ♥One male reproductive group: polygyny (ex. Gorilla, hamadryas baboons, black and white colobus) ♥One female reproductive groups: polyandry (ex. callitrichidae) ♥One male one female: monogamous (ex. Indri, gibbon) ♥Multimale-multifemale (ex. Baboons, macaques, chimps, brown lemurs) Why do some primates form large groups with many females living together with one or more males? •Collective rearing of offspring, especially among related females •Grooming •Predator protection •Resource defense access to mates what are the costs to group living? •Feeding competition over access to resources •Increased cost of movement •Increased transmission of disease and parasite What is the ideal system for females ♣Ideal system for females: exclude all males (reducing feeding competition); seek out males only when reproductive What is the ideal system for males ♣Ideal system for males: exclude other males; be the only reproductive male in a one-male group What important "services" do males provide females? Predator protection Infanticide protection Protection against other females and or males Grooming partners