| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Data | any unorganized text, graphics, sounds, or videos (has yet to be processed) |
| Information | data that has been processed in a meaningful and useful way. |
| Difference between data and information | Data doesn't become information until it is processed |
| Database | is a collection of data |
| Database Programs | enable people to add, sort, group, summarize, and print data |
| Bits | The lowest layer in a database made of 1s and 0s |
| Characters | Letters, numbers, and symbols (represented by a byte) (above bits in database layer below fields) |
| Fields | Areas that contain data identified by field names (above characters in database layers below record) |
| Field Names | (Examples: First Name; Address; City); Group of characters Define Fields |
| Records | Contain a group of fields (above field in database layer below data file) |
| Data Files | Contain related group of records (above records in database layer below database) |
| Database | The top layer made of one or more data files (composed of from top to bottom, Data files, to records, to fields defined by field names, to characters to bits |
| Logical Data | Only "yes" or "no" answers are allowed (data type) |
| Memos | large units of text (data type) |
| Objects | Non-textual data (data type) |
| Blobs | Very large objects (data type) |
| Default Value | Pre-defined values such as today's date (data type) |
| key field or primary key | The key field must be a unique entry such as a social security number or student ID. |
| File Management Programs: | Create flat files containing one file or table Files can not be linked to other files Are easy to use and customize (not as complex as database management system) |
| Database Management Systems (DBMS) | Contain multiple files or tables (a little more complex than file management programs because you have so many files linked together) |
| Relational database management systems | are the most widely used type of DBMS.(linked by common key fields) |
| common key field | IN relational database management systems Data in several files are related through the use of a |
| Data Warehousing | Supplements DBMSs by bringing together all data into one huge database Organizes management's decision-making process Uses a technique called drill-down to view performance data of the entire company |
| Data Mart | support one division of an organization rather than an entire firm. (similar to a date warehouse only not the whole company just one division) |
| Data Mining | Is a data-exploration technique Is used to find unknown patterns of data |
| Query | Specially phrased question used to access specific information (to get specific info from the database) |
| Web-based integration | is the latest trend in database software, Information is stored in databases that are available through the Internet. |
| Characteristics of a good database | Data integrity Data independence Avoidance of data redundancy Data security Data maintenance |
| Data Integrity | is the validity of the data. |
| Data Validity | defines acceptable input ranges for each field Types of data validation are: Alphabetic check Numeric check Range check Consistency check Completeness check |
| Data Security | makes sure data are not accessible to unauthorized users. Data is also protected from loss due to equipment failure. |
| Alphabet Check (data validation) | for text data check to make sure no numbers) |
| Numeric Check (Data validation) | for calculation and value check to make sure numeric only) |
| Range Check (data validation) | (determines that data is within the acceptable range) |
| Consistency Check (data validation) | (like entering in your email address twice to compare fields to make sure the equal each other |
| Completeness check data validation | make sure no blanks left in the field) |
| Data Independence | refers to how data is stored so that it can be used with different types of application programs. It also refers to the separation of the data in a database to control forms and reports. |
| Data Maintnence | refers to the procedures for adding, updating, and deleting records. |
| Avoidance of data redundancy | refers to avoiding the repetition of data. |
| Information System | is designed to bring data, computers, procedures, and people together to manage information important to an organization's mission. |
| Know a transaction processing system (TPS) | handles an organization's accounting needs, including purchasing, sales & payroll. |
| MIS | support information needs of different levels of management |
| Decision Support System | enables a manager to retrieve information that can't be supplied by fixed and predetermined MIS reports |
| Online Analytical Process | enables managers to import up-to-the-minute reports from transaction databases. for use in decision support |
| Knowledge Management System | are used to capture knowledge created by employees and make it available when needed. |
| Expert Systems | are systems that deal with expert knowledge in a particular area. |
| Programming Languages | are artificial languages created to tell the computer what to do. |
| Five Generations of programming language | Machine languages Assembly languages Procedural languages Problem-oriented languages Natural languages |
| First generations of programming language (machine language) | is first generation and Is the only language the computer understands without translation |
| Second generation of programming language ( | Uses brief abbreviations for program instructions Abbreviations are called mnemonics |
| Third-Generation of Programming Languages (Procedural languages) | Are high-level languages that tell the computer what to do and how to do it Use a compiler or interpreter to translate code |
| Compilers | is a program that changes source code to object code. (prodcues source code) |
| Interpreters | translates source code one line at a time and executes the instructions. (uses one code at a time and moves on) |
| Fourth Generation Languages | Languages for getting information out of databases Fourth-generation languages are nonprocedural. They do not force programmers to follow procedures to produce results. "Problem-oriented languages" |
| Object Oriented Programs | Relies on component reusability The ability to quickly build a program by utilizing ready-to-use, specific purpose modules Eliminates the distinction between programs and data Uses objects that contain data and procedures Ex: Visual Basic and C++ |
| Component Reusability (in object oriented programs) | omponent reusability The ability to quickly build a program by utilizing ready-to-use, specific purpose modules |
| Objects | are units of information that contain data as well as methods that process and manipulate data. |
| Inheritence | refers to an object's capacity to "pass on" its characteristics to its subclasses. |
| Java | First true cross-platform programming language (works on Macs, windows, etc.) |
| Know Six phases of PDLC | Defining the problem Designing the program Coding the program Testing and debugging the program Formalizing the solution Implementing and maintaining the program |
| Structure Charts in phase 2 of PDlC | show the top-down design (how it is set up) |
| Pseudo Code in phase 2 of PDlC | alternative to flow charts (it uses words and not symbols ) |
| Flow Charts in phase 2 of PDlC | show the logic of program (how it works) |
| System's Analyst | Are computer and problem-solving professionals who determine an organization's information system needs (they talk to all the departments and communicate back to the programmers what people need to make the organization work) |
| System | is a collection of components organized into a functioning whole to accomplish a goal. |
| Systems Development Life Cycle | The SDLC is a model used to improve the quality of information systems by providing an organized approach to problem solving. The core idea of SDLC is to "Ensure that each step is performed properly before going to the next one." Systems have a life cycle, accomplish their purpose and end |
| To avoid mistakes in system's development | Documentation is required throughout all phases. |
| five phases of SDLC | 1. Plan 2. Analyze 3. Design 4. Implement 5. Maintain |
| SDLC phase 1. | Plan (identify problems and opportunities) |
| SDLC phase 2. | analyze and document existing programs |
| SDLC phase 3. | design the system |
| SDLC phase 4. | implement the system |
| SDLC phase 5 | . Maintain and Support the system |
| Scope of a project | The sum total of all project products and their features |
| scope creep | Avoid this uncontrolled changes in a project's scope |
| project plan. | DONT CONFUSE WITH SCOPE The plan specifies the project's goal and specifies all of the activities that must be completed for the project to succeed. |
| Gantt Chart | s created to provide a timeline of activities and track completion times. (tracks progress of the development of system (project) ) |
| Technically Feasible | can be created with existing, proven technology |
| Operationally feasible | can be created with organization's available resources |
| Economically feasible | Can be created with available fiscal resources |
| JAD and CASE | Joint application development (JAD) and computer-aided software engineering (CASE) help improve the design phase. |
| Entity Relationship Diagram | are used to describe the different entities of the information system and their relationships |
| Prototyping tool | make a protype of project and show interrelation and how other parts of the system could be affected |
| Data Flow Diagrams | show how data move throughout existing system. |
| Request for Quotation (RFQ) | request for a vendor to quote a price for specific components of the information system. |
| Request for Proposal (RFP) | request for a vendor to write a proposal for the design, installation, and configuration of the information system |
| Application Testing | programs are tested individually and then tested together. in phase 4 |
| Acceptance Testing | users evaluate the system to see whether it meets their needs and whether it functions correctly. in phase 4 |
| Parallel Conversion | run old and new system at the same time to test answers - safest, most expensive |
| Pilot Conversion | test one part of organization |
| Phased conversion | Bring people onto the system over different time periods |
| Direct Conversion | switch to new system at once and turn off old system – most risky |
| Post Implementation System Review | determines if the new system has met its goals. |
| Enterprise Computing | is the use of technology, information systems, and computers within a business. |
| Enterprise | a business organization |
| Business processes | activities that have an identifiable output and add value to an organization's customers. |
| Centralized Structure (I.e Computer Lab) | are managed by a central IT department. Each network entity contains the same software and configuration settings. |
| Distributed Structure | enable each user to customize their technology tools. Each network entity contains its own software and configuration settings. |
| Upgrading Centralized vs. Distributed | Centralized structures are easier and less costly to upgrade than distributed structures. |
| training centralized vs. distributed | Much easier is centralized because everyone has same software |
| Maintenence Centralized vs. Distributed | Centralized structures are easier and less costly to maintain than distributed structures. |
| Scalability | Scalability is how well a hardware or software system can adapt to increased demands. Scalability ensures an organization's systems won't become obsolete as user needs and demands grow |
| Interoperability | Interoperability is the ability of software and hardware from different vendors to share data. All computers on a network can interact seamlessly. |
| Disaster Recovery | Hot Site – a backup facility that is kept in a state of readiness at all times (most expensive option) Cold Site – a backup facility that is made operational once the disaster occurs, not ready before then |
| Single point of failure (SPOF) | is when a failure of any one component will cause a malfunction in an entire system. |
| Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): | Software that integrates all facets of a business into a single computer system |
| Customer Relationship Management (CRM): | CRM software tracks interactions between a company and its customers with a focus on customer retention. |
| Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) | : XBRL uses standardized formatting to allow public and private enterprises to publish and share financial information with each other across all computer platforms and the Internet |
| Web Portals | : Web sites that offer an array of resources and services are called Web portals. AOL was one of the first portals. |
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