BIO101; #1; Notes 1
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abbybjohnson on June 14, 2011
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93 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 There are one million nephrons in each _____. | Kidney |
| The ____ system consist of glands and hormones. | Endocrine |
| The ____ system consist of glands that have ducts. | Excretory |
| "All is change; Only change is changeless" | Hera Clitis 4 B.C. |
| The ____ is used by humans to try & make sense of the world. | Scientific Method |
| ____ are molecules that contain carbon. | Organic Molecules |
| All organic molecules are ____. They are long chains like strings of beads made of smaller chains made of subunits called monomers. | Polymers |
| All organic molecules are polymers. They are long chains like strings of beads made of smaller chains made of subunits called _____. | Monomers |
| All organic molecules are polymers. They are long chains like strings of beads made of smaller chains made of subunits called monomers. They are linked by _____. Some polymers are carbohydrates which are built as sugars, lipids which are composed of fatty acids, proteins which are composed of amino acids & nucleic acids which are composed of nucleotides. | Covalent Bonds |
| ____ is composed of sugars called saccharides. | Carbohydrates |
| ____ contain carbon, hydrogen & oxygen in the ration of 1:2:1 such as CH2O. | Carbohydrates |
| ____ is the primary energy storage molecules in most living things. | Carbohydrates |
| What are the major classes of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid |
| ____ is the structural unit of living cells. | Carbohydrates |
| ____ is the most common organic compound in the biosphere. | Cellulose |
| ____ are formed from small molecules of sugar. | Carbohydrates |
| What are the principal kinds of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| ____- ribos which are RNA & glucose (universal cellular fuel) | Monosaccharides |
| ____- starch, wood & other biological material | Monosaccharides |
| These monosaccharides both have the same chemical formula, C6H1206, but have different properties because the arrangement of the atoms are different. | Glucose & Fructose |
| This disaccharide is formed by the combination of glucose and fructose. | Sucrose or Table Sugar |
| This disaccharide, milk sugar or lactose, is what? | Glucose & Galactose |
| This disaccharide is two glucose units. | Trehalose or Insect Sugar |
| ____ store energy or provide structural support. | Polysaccharides |
| ____- starch & glucose | Polysaccharides |
| ____- molecular storage bins | Polysaccharides |
| This polysaccharide is animal starch but is also found in a tree in Hawaii that consists of 12-18 glucose units found in the muscles & in the liver as glucogon. | Glycogen |
| This polysaccharide, glycogen, is animal starch but is also found in a tree in Hawaii that consists of 12-18 glucose units found in the muscles & in the liver as ____. | Glucogon |
| This polysaccharide stimulates the liver to hydrolize glycogon which is released into the blood. | Glucogon |
| This polysaccharide is produced by the pancreas & stored in the liver. | Glucogon |
| This polysaccharide consists of 2000 glucose units. | Cellulose |
| This polysaccharide gives firmness & rigidity to cell walls in plants. | Cellulose |
| This polysaccharide contains 1/2 of the organic carbon in the biosphere. | Cellulose |
| This polysaccharide makes up 50% of wood and almost 100% of cotton. | Cellulose |
| This polysaccharide is used by cows, ruminants (cud chewers), cockroaches & termites for energy because they have microscopic organisms located in their digestive tracks. | Cellulose |
| ____ is the principal food storage in most plants. | Starch |
| A substance called ___ is the major component of the exo-skeleton of arthropods (joined feet) such as crawfish, shrimp & crabs, etc. | Chiten |
| ____ is also found in the cell walls of a lot of fungi. | Chiten |
| 900,000 species can synthesize ____. | Chiten |
| ____ are insoluble in polar solvents but dissolve easily in non-polar organic substances. | Lipids |
| ____ function in energy storage molecules. | Lipids |
| ____ plays a major role as chemical messengers within & between cells. | Lipids |
| ____ provide waterproof covering around the cells. | Lipids |
| Fats are a type of what organic molecule? | Lipids |
| Oils are a type of what organic molecule? | Lipids |
| Waxes, which form a protective covering for skin, fur & feathers, also on leaves and exoskeleton of insects, are a type of what organic molecule? | Lipids |
| ____ are one the major components of the cell membranes. | Phospholipids |
| Vitamins, hormones & cholesterol are examples of what? | Steroids |
| ____ contain more chemical energy than carbohydrates because they are non-polar and do not attract water molecules. | Lipids |
| ____ store 6 times as much energy in comparison to glycogen. | Lipids |
| Fats & oils are a hydro-carbon chain with a _____ (COOH). | Terminal Carboxyl Group |
| Fat molecules are called ___ because of the presence of glycerol molecules. | Triglycerides |
| ____ is a very important compound because it is a three carbon group with three alcohols. | Glycerol |
| What are the categories of fatty acids that are called triglycerides? | Saturated, Unsaturated, Glycolipids |
| This type of triglyceride has no double bonds. | Saturated Fatty Acids |
| This type of triglyceride is found on lard. | Saturated Fatty Acids |
| This type of triglyceride has one or more double bonds. | Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
| This type of triglyceride is an oil. | Unsaturated Fatty Acids |
| This type of triglyceride is an important part of the cell membrane. | Glycolipids |
| This type of triglyceride consist of 1 to 15 monosaccharides. | Glycolipids |
| ____ include cholesterol, vitamins, hormones, which include sex hormones, testosterone, estrogen & progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum). | Steroids |
| ____ make up 50% or more of the dry weight of living systems. | Proteins |
| Plants are less than 1/2 ____. | Proteins |
| ____ includes enzymes. | Proteins |
| ____ includes regulatory such as hormones. | Proteins |
| ____ storage such as eggwhite & seed protein. | Proteins |
| Proteins transport such as ____. | Hemoglobin |
| _____ contractile such as make muscles contract. | Proteins |
| _____- structural such as collagen | Proteins |
| ____ are protective such as antibodies (immunoglobulin). | Proteins |
| ____ are the key to life's diversity. | Proteins |
| The shapes & functions of cells depend on different types of ____. | Proteins |
| The building blocks of protein are called ____. | Amino Acids |
| What are the building blocks of amino acids? | Amine Group (weak acid), Carboxyl Group (weak acid), Radical |
| All living organisms contain the same 20 ____. | Amino Acids |
| Amino acids are joined by ____ which means they share electrons. | Covalent Bonds |
| Amino acids link together to form ____. | Polypeptides |
| Whenever the amino acids join head to tail, they lose a ____ to form the bonds. | Water |
| _____ of a protein is a linear sequence of amino acids. | Primary Structure |
| _____ of a protein are regular repeated configurations. | Secondary Structure |
| A ____ of a protein is caused by the hydrogen bonding of the peptides. | Secondary Structure |
| ____ of a protein is a three dimensional representation of proteins which result from interactions of the radical group. They are all called globular because they are folded & look like globs. | Tertiary Structure |
| ____ is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom. | Collagen |
| ____ provides strength, flexibility & shape to skin, hair, bones & cartilage. | Collagen |
| In ____ structure of a protein, there may be as many as 600 amino acids in one molecule. | Quaternary Structure |
| An example of ____ would be... Hemoglobin combines loosely with oxygen collected in the lungs & distributes it in the body by the blood. Hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptide chain combined with heme which contains iron. | Quaternary Structure |
| ____ encode & transmit information which produces the various proteins in the DNA molecule. | Nucleotides |
| Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called _____. | Nucleotides |
| ___ are much more complex than amino acids. | Nucleotides |
| What are the sub-units contained by nucleotides? | Phosphate, Sugar-Pentose, Nitrogenous Base |
| What are the different kinds of nucleic acid? | DNA, RNA, Adenosine Phosphates |
| This type of nucleic acid are chemical messengers within & between cells. | Adenosine Phosphates |
| ___ is energy produced by the mitochondria. | ATP |
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