Chapt 16 History
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29 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Carpetbaggers | derogatory term used for northern people who came to the south for good (humanitarian) and bad (escape the law, win elections for Republicans, take advantage of gullible ex-slaves) reasons during Reconstruction; used a lot because of suspicious critics of Republican administrations in the South; many carpetbaggers joined with blacks and some whites to form progressive Republican governments |
| Reconstruction | 1863-1877; 1863 because of turning point in war with the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg (South loses Mississippi River) and these increased odds of northern victory lead to Washington to start thinking; 1877 with the Compromise of 1877; period of time where the Union tries to reinvent itself from slavery to free labour, geographical divisions, schooled/unschooled, one currency; differences between Lincoln and Congress about power and goals |
| Booth | A northerner who sympathized with the South; sought to undermine Union activity; originally wanted to kidnap Lincoln for ransom to end the war for years; actor and familiar with Ford's Theater |
| Johnson | Southern DEMOCRAT, stupid, only senator from a Confederate state to remain loyal to the Union; only reason was Vice President is because he would appeal to loyal, Union-supporting Democrats; strongly supported state's rights (but NOT succession); absolutely hated planters and fought them instead of for slaves, and did nothing to help freedmen, instead of giving them land, he gave the land back to the planters and ignored trying to form black voting; was similar to Lincoln in plans for Reconstruction but a little bit more lenient in what one had to do in order to receive a pardon and Congress was pissed as this leniency was a mockery of the sacrifice of Union soldiers; did nothing to control Southern resistance to various terms of statehood and rekindled Southern resistance |
| 10% Percent Plan, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | Lincoln proposed this in 12/1863; full pardons offered to rebels who renounced succession, swore an oath of allegiance to USA and accepted the abolition of slavery; when 10% of the voting population in a state had done this, the state could organize a new government with a new constitution; NOT MEANT TO ERASE ALL INJUSTICE BUT TO REFORM; rejected by Congress who thought it was too lenient |
| Black Codes | 1865 - present; effort of Confederate States to keep blacks subordinate to whites; establishes separateness, meant to reduce freedmen back, and to keep blacks in some sort of slavery; labour was at the core of these laws as the South sought to hustle the freedmen back to the plantations (remember the code where black people couldn't live within 5 mi of a town so they were forced back to living/working on the plantation land as they couldn't commute); "RESTORE ALL OF SLAVERY BUT ITS NAME" |
| Constitutional Amendment 13 | abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in a state or territory |
| Constitutional Amendment 14 | "The Equal Protection Act"; in response to black codes; made all native-born or naturalized persons American citizens and made it so no state could deprive a citizen "life, liberty, or property without due process of law" (meaning no state can withhold anyone from federally-guaranteed constitutional rights); blacks became national citizens and this amendment provided them guarantee of equality before the law |
| Constitutional Amendment 15 | vote extended to people regardless of colour or previous conditions of servitude |
| Radical Republicans | MA senator Charles Sumner and PA representative Thaddeus Stevens; long-term Congress members who championed the rights of black; didn't believe that Lincoln was strong enough; thought that the South would go back to old way |
| Ku Klux Klan | Worked through FEAR AND INTIMIDATION; didn't have to lynch 50 black people, but only had to make an example of one black to scare the rest from voting, going to school, etc; started in 1866 in Tennessee by Nathan Beford Forest and 2 others as a secret social group; turned into a militant group; doing God's work; "protecting the virtues of white women and going back to the good ole days" |
| Tenure of Office Act, Impeachment | Trick act passed in 1867; UNconstitutional law made to trap Johnson into breaking the law so they could impeach him; failed to move onto convicting stage by one vote because the guy felt that the last thing this country needed was to have no president |
| Spoils System | Victorious parties reward loyal workers with public office; Grant did this and brought a lot of drunks and gambling friends into his Cabinet |
| Scalawags | Southerners who supported the Union during the Civil War; lower than carpetbaggers |
| Election of 1876 | Democratic candidate was Samuel J. Tilden of NY; Republican candidate was Rutherford B. Hayes of OH; Tilden won popular vote, but Republicans in Congress refused to seat him by voting and giving the electoral vote of all the contested states to Hayes; lead to the Compromise of 1877 |
| Compromise of 1877 | In exchange from a Democratic block on Hayes' inauguration and to deal fairly with the freedman, Hayes must not use the army to uphold Republican regimes in the South and to give enough money for the South to make internal improvements; so Republican in the White House, North NOT in the South |
| "Filling the empty sleeve" | Due to improvements in technology with ammunition, 60k people (45k survived) received amputations; Union provided artificial limbs to northerners and individual southern states provided limbs for Confederate veterans; due to demand and competition, artificial limbs experienced a huge surge of interest (in the 15 years before the war there were 34 patents issued, from the start of the war to twelve years from then there were 133 issued); photography helped a lot because you could now see humans in mid stride; some companies provided psychological help as well like left hand writing contests; no longer a side job for artisans but its own industry |
| "What did the KKK really want?" 1868 - 1871 | Sought to restore racial subordination in every aspect of private and public life; said "wanted to do nothing more than guard their families and defend decent society from the assaults of degraded ex-slaves and a vindictive Republican party" BUT did a campaign to reverse history and engage in guerrilla a warfare against free labour, civil equality and political democracy; punished people who did not follow the South's old racial code; planters went to the KKK because they wanted the cheap labour and to restore plantation agriculture (less people in school means more workers); whites would "not be deprived of their labour"; the KKK really really wanted to scare the Republicans and was the military arm of the Democratic Party; really violent political time with 300 killings in the 3 months before fall political elections in AR and 1000 killings in LA; wanted to scare people away from voting/being Republican |
| US Grant's Presidency | Northerners are getting tired of constantly worrying about the blacks, they need help for themselves because of the depression starting in 1873 so they're more willing to let southern whites take over; wanted a policy that secured justice for blacks and sectional reconciliation |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | Outlaws racial discrimination in transportation, public accommodations, and juries; never heavily enforced and overruled in 1883 |
| Marshall Plan | placement of provisional military governors (aka pro-Union northerners) in the South |
| Freedman's Bureau | 1865-1867; Congress established it to deal with the need of the former slaves and ravaged South; provided medicinal assistance, rations (50/50 to blacks/whites), education; ended because of no money since people running it took a lot of it |
| "waving the bloody shirt" | refers to Radical Republicans; 1860s-1888/9; prevent the South from getting money to reconstruct roads, schools, etc. because they should have thought of that before they started the war; Democratic Party is just "the party of rebellion" |
| 1863-1877 | Dates of Reconstruction |
| Renounce succession, swear an oath to the Union, accept the abolishment of slavery | Requirements for a Pardon under 10% Plan |
| 1866 | Beginning of KKK |
| 1867 | Tenure of Office Act |
| 1865 - 1867 | Freeman's Bureau |
| 1860s-1889 | "waving the bloody shirt" |
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