1.
Absorption: Dark Colors
2.
Acidic: A solution when disolved in water releases excess Hydrogen ions (+)
3.
Acidophiles: Acid Lover (H.pyloria) lives in stomach. Archaea
4.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy. Jump across by ATP. Sodium Potasium Pump.
5.
Adhesive: stick to other things. Water molecules are also cohesive
6.
Aerobic: Bacteria that use oxgyen in metabolism
7.
Alexander Fleming: discovered penicillin
8.
Alkaliphiles: alkali loving; pH 7.0-11.5 (archaea)
9.
Amphitrichous: flagella at both poles of the cell
10.
Anabolism: the arrangement of organic compounds from simpler compounds (building up)
11.
Anaerobic: Bacteria that do not use oxygen in metabolism
12.
Anion: negatively charged ion
13.
Anionic Stain: Congo Red, Nigrosin (Indian Ink) stains background (simple stain)
14.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek: observed "animalcules" from teeth scraping. First observed sperm.
15.
Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria, domain which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls (Archaeabacteria)
16.
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya: The 3 main domains of living things, three domains
17.
Atom: Tiny particles that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances without losing it's properties.All physical things are made of these
18.
Atomic Number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom= the atomic number. Ex. Carbon and only carbon have six protons so carbon's atomic number is 6. It never changes.
19.
Atomic Weight: Total weight of an atom. Equal to the number of protons and neutrons with little extra added by the electrons.
20.
Atrichous: No Flagella
21.
Bacillius: Rod (shaped)
22.
Bacteria and Fungi: Two Main decomposers
23.
Bacteriology: Study of Bacteria
24.
Bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria
25.
Barophiles: organisms that live under extreme pressure (BOTTOM OF OCEAN) Archaea
26.
Basic: when disolved release excess hydroxl ions (-) akaline
27.
Bergy's manual of Determinative Bacteriology: Book on identifying unknown bacteria.
28.
Binomial System: Identifying organisms by their Genus and species names. Karl Linne. Genus (first letter) always capitalized and italized or underlined. Species always written second never capitalized and italized or underlined.
29.
Carbohydrate: A class of nutrients made of sugars; these nutrients include sugar, starch, and fiber. All but fiber provide energy. Often referred to in the plural, carbohydrates.
30.
carbohydrate: C H 2 0 x any number is a
31.
carbohydrates: breads, rice, potatoes, fruits, wheat, corn. Come from plants. Also a sugar. Quickest from of energy.
32.
Catabolism: disintegration of complex organic compounds to release engery (Breaking down).
33.
Cataylst: Increases rate of reaction
34.
Cation: is a positively charge ion
35.
Cationic stains: Methylene blue, crystal violent , malachite green, safrinin. Simple positive charge stain.
36.
Cell: smallest living thing
37.
Cell Envelope: (Prokaryotic Cell) includes the outer membrane, cell wall and cell membrane
38.
Cellulose (Fiber): The one carbohydrate you can't digest. Found in plant cell walls.
39.
cheese or mushrooms: Food that is dependant on Microbes
40.
Chemotaxis: movement by a cell or organism in reaction to a chemical stimulus
41.
cholesterol: glue that holds molecules.
42.
chromatophores: color indicators
43.
Co enzymes: An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+.
44.
Coccus: sphere round (shape)
45.
coccusbacillus: short plump rod
46.
cohesiveness: water molecules sticke together.
47.
colony: discrete mound of cells
48.
Compound Micrscope: Microscope-More than one lense. 1000x 1500x
49.
Compounds: Molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements.
50.
Concentration: Expresses the amount of solute disolved in a certain amount of solvent. Cannot be separated by filtering or separating.
51.
Covalent bond: Sharing bond rather that donating or receiving them
52.
culture: the raising of plants or animals, (biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar)
53.
cytoplasm: water based solution filling entire cell
54.
Dark field Microscope: A microscope that brightly illuminates the specimen while leaving the background dark ( USES DARKNESS)
55.
Decomposers: Importance function of microbes. They break things down.
56.
Differential Stain: Stains for different features or qualities
57.
Diffraction: light goes through tiny holes
58.
Diffusion: process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
59.
disaccharide: a sugar formed from two monosaccharides
60.
Domain Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria
61.
Domain Bacteria: Newer Bacteria, Stap, strep etc. (Kingdom Eubacteria)
62.
Domain Eukarya: Eukaryotes, have nuclear membrane. Include Kingdom Protisa, Kingdom fungi, Kingdom, Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
63.
Edward Jenner: used first scientific vaccination (small Pox)
64.
Electron: Negatively charged. Found in outer shell of an atom.
65.
Electron Microscope: Uses up to 1 million xpower closely guarded.
66.
Elements: when subatomic particles (Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons) come together in specific, varied combinations, they form unique types of atoms.
67.
Elie Metchnikoff: discovered WBC phagocytes digesting bacteria
68.
Endocytosis: process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane by several little steps.
69.
Endospore: a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions. Build Thick coating of Dipicoliniic acid and calicum then die. Ferms and Molds. Living Stage is Vegative.
70.
Endospore bacteria: Closteridium tetani, Clostridum botulinum,Bacillus anthracis. Single bacillus shape.
71.
Enriched Media: Blood Added for hemolytic (sheep blood) Chocolate agar- heated sheeps blood. Also Tomato juice is used for Acid Agar.
72.
Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts, protein substances that speed up chemical reactions.
73.
Ethanol: a gas made from saccharomyces
74.
Exocytosis: process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell. Step process.
75.
External (Prokaryotic): Appendages, Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae, Glycocalyx, Capsule (slime layer)
76.
Facilitated Diffusion: the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins (HELPED TRANSPORT) FLOWER OPENING.
77.
Fats: From animals, solid at room temp. saturated (with hydrogens) (lipid)
78.
filament: a helical structure in diameter and varies from 1 to 70 microns in length. Part of flagella.
79.
fimbriae: hair like structures extending from cell to help with adhesion.z (prokaryotic)
80.
Flagella: whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement
81.
Francisco Redi: used meat experiment with maggots to begin showing spontaneous generation wasn't true.
82.
fructose: Second quickest source of energy
83.
General Purpose Agar: Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) Most bacteria grow on TSA
84.
Glucose: Best quick source of energy
85.
glycan: repeating chains of sugar that make up peptidogylcan
86.
Glycocalyx: Anything outside of cell wall. Slime (Most common) If harders becomes a capsule. Most bacteria that cause pneumonia have capsules.
87.
glycoprotein: a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate. (Flag)
88.
Golgi Apparatus: Fedex of the cell. Stores Packs etc, (Eukaryotic) (organelles)
89.
Gram Negative: Cell wall is thinner but contains Lipoplysaccharid. Harder to penetrate
90.
Gram Negative: bacteria that is made up of lipopolysaccharid and does not retain purple stain, appears red/pink/orange after Gram straining procedure.
91.
Gram Posiitve: This cell type contains teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acide
92.
Gram Positive: stain purple
93.
Gram Postive: Cell wall is thick (Thick peptidogylcan layer) murien Old name for pepti..
94.
Gram stain: (differential Stain)stain that determines cell wall thickness.
95.
Halophiles: Love Salt ( Archea)
96.
Hans Christian Gram: developed first gram stain
97.
histomes: helps dna curl
98.
Hydrated: when an ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules
99.
Hydrogen Bond: doesn't involve sharing, losing, or gaining but instead are due to attractive forces between nearby molecules or atoms. Weak Bond. (Water Bond)
100.
hydrophilic: Molecules such as salt or sugar that attract water to their surfaces (Water Loving)
101.
Hydrophobic: nonpolar molecules such as benzene, that repel water.(Water fearing)
102.
hyperthermophilic: love high temps
103.
incubation: time for growing bacteria
104.
inoculation: growing media on a medium in an eniviroment in which they multiply.
105.
Insulin: Needed by the body to convert gylcogen to glucose
106.
Ion: atom that has a positive or negative charge
107.
Ionic Bond: electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another and are not shared
108.
Ionization: this occurs when the bond is broken and the atoms dissoicate into unattached charges particles (ions).
109.
isolation: separating types of cells
110.
Isotopes: variant forms of the same element that differ in numbers of neutrons.
111.
Joseph Lister: practices antiseptic surgery using phenol (carbolic acid)
112.
Kilograms: About half of pounds
113.
Kingdom Animalia: Multicellar. Mouse, coral reef, sea sponge
114.
Kingdom Fungi: Molds that grown in human body such as aspergilus. (farmer's lung).
115.
Kingdom Fungi: This kingdom contains Yeast and molds (candida Albicans) thrush.
116.
Kingdom Plantae: multicellular plants. (ex. Oak tree)
117.
Kingdom Protista: made up of a variety of eukaryotic, mostly single-celled organisms. Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Some are like plants, animals, or fungi but not classified as them. "Junk Drawer" Kingdom.
118.
Kingdom Protista: Animal like (ameba) Plant like (algae) Fungus like (slime mold)
119.
Kosh Postulates: Isolate the suspected agent from disease vitcim. Grow agent in pure culture. Infect new host showing the organism produces the classic clinical case. Isolate same organism from new victim.
120.
Light visible spectrum: violent
121.
Lophotrichous: cluster of flagella at one or both ends
122.
Louis Pasteur: disproved Spontaneous generation with flask experiments.
123.
Louis Pasteur: Supported Germ Theory of disease
124.
Lous Pasteur: Fermentation and Pasteurization
125.
Lous Pasteur: developed rabies vaccine
126.
Lysis: disintegration or rupture of the cell.
127.
Lysosomes: An organelle containing digestive enzymes that can break down many things in cells.
128.
MacConkey Agar (MAC): Gram negative bacteria like it. Gram + don't like to grow on it.
129.
Macromolecules: four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
130.
Malaria: Most Important Slime mold
131.
Manatol Salt Agar (MSA): agar used for growing halophiles
132.
Matter: All tangible materials that make up space
133.
Media: Natural (Nautral enviroment) Also synthetic Agar (red Algae) could also use gelatin.
134.
Metabolism: All chemical reactions that happen in the cell.
135.
methanogens: make methane gas. Archaea
136.
Microflora: Microscopic plant life and bacterial colonies found in the gut of healthy animals and humans. Kingdom Plantae (Plant that lives in humans)
137.
millimeter (MM): a metric unit of length equal to 0.1 of a centimeter. Ex. 29.7mm = 2.97 cm(cenimeters) CM to MM. 24.6cm = 246mm
138.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
139.
Molecule: is a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms.
140.
Monomers: small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
141.
monosaccaharide: a simple sugar such as glucose or fructose that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars
142.
Monotrichous: A term given to a single flagellum located on the end of the cell.
143.
Mordant: Intensifies color in stain. Grams iodine
144.
motility: self propulsion
145.
Mycology: Study of fungi (Kingdom fungi) domain eukarya
146.
Mycoplasma: bacteria that lack cell wall
147.
Neutrons: Neutral charge. Located in the nucleus of an atom.
148.
Nomarski Microscope: Microscope High Power (high resolution) Almost 3D
149.
nucelotides: made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen containing base.
150.
Nucleic Acids: Polymers assembled from individual nucleotides; used to store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information; the two kinds of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (p. 47).
151.
Nucleus: Part of Eurkayotic cell that has dna (cell of instructions)
152.
Oils: Plants, liquid, unsaturated.
153.
Old Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
154.
Orbitals: volumes of space in which an electron is likely to be found
155.
organelle: a specialized part of a cell
156.
Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
157.
Paul Ehrlich: Performs acid-fast stain
158.
Paul Ehrlich: develops cure for syphilis (chemotherapy) used mercury first then switched to arsonic.
159.
Peritrichous: covered all over with uniformly distributed flagella
160.
Peroxisomes: membranous sacs containing enzymes used to break down hydrogen peroxide
161.
PH Scale: measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. O is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or akaline.
162.
Phase contrast Microscope: Microscope that uses No staining. Brings out more contrast
163.
phenotypic: of or relating to or constituting a phenotype, Microscopic morphology, determines size shape and staining characteristics of the organism. Antibodies used against carb & protein composition. Fatty acid composition. Biochemical test (pH indicator)
164.
Phospholipid: Fatty acid +glycerol+phospate., a lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids
165.
Phototaxis: response to light
166.
Phycology: Study of Algae. Kingdom Protista
167.
Pili: Appendages that allow bacteria to attach to each other and to transfer DNA
168.
plasmids: area in bacteria that contains dna
169.
pleomorphic: very small bacteria, ranging from .01 to.5 um in size
170.
Pleoomorphism: Variety of shape (SHAPE)
171.
Polysaccharide: a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides. (Plants make them and store as starch) We store as fat (glycogen)
172.
Products: substances left by a reaction
173.
Prokaryotic: From Archea and Bacteria domain. Have no true nucleus.
174.
Proteins: contains carbon, hydrogen, oxyge, and nitrogen. source of energy. needed by tissue for repair and growth. made up of 20 amino acids.
175.
Protons: In the nucleus of an atom(postively charged)
176.
Protoplasts: a plant or bacterial cell without its cell wall
177.
Psychrophiles: Loves cold temps (Kingdom Archaea), cold loving microbes
178.
pure culture: container of medium that grows only a single known species
179.
Purines: Adenine and Gaunine
180.
Pyrimidines: Thymine, cytosine, and uracil
181.
Reactants: Molecules entering or starting a reaction
182.
real image: formed by objective lens
183.
Reflection: What we see
184.
Refraction: the bending of light
185.
Ribomes 80s: Number of ribosome in Eukarya
186.
Ribosomes: (Eukaryotic) part of the cell that makes amino acids (organelle)
187.
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis/ Make Amino Acids.Proteins
188.
Ribosomes 70s: Number of Ribsomes in Prokaryotic
189.
Robert Hooke: First to use the term "cell" . Stated that when looking at a cell through a microscope it looked like a prison or cell. Also observed hairy mold.
190.
Robert Koch: Proved Germ theory using B. anthracis
191.
Robert Koch: 1881- grows bacteria on solid media (Hesse probably did use agar first)
192.
Robert Koch: fromed series of proofs verifying the germ theory could establish an organism and patho cause
193.
Rough ER: ER that is dotted with ribosomes (makes AA)
194.
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA): Great for growing Fungus
195.
Saccharide: a simple sugar or combination of sugars; a carbohydrate
196.
Saccharomyces: A genus in the Kingdom of fungi that includes many species of yeast. They do fermentation (Alcohol)
197.
sarcinae: cocci that divide in 3 planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8 (arrangement)
198.
Scanning Probe Microscopy: Resolving power greater than Electron Microscope. No prep. Very detailed view of molecules in a cell. Looks at surfaces of things.
199.
Scientific Method: a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
200.
Semmelweis: advocated hand washing. Was fired because he insisted people wash hands.
201.
Smear: smeared on slide.
202.
Smooth ER: Makes Lipids, Horomes, and detoxifies (Takes ETOH) out of the body.
203.
Solutes: substances dissolved in a liquid
204.
Solution: Solvent+Solute
205.
Solution: Mixture of one or more substances
206.
Solvent: a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. Dissolving media
207.
Spheroplasts: gram negative bacteria with missing cell wall
208.
Spirillum: spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes (flagella) (Shape)
209.
Spirochete: member of a group of large spiral-shaped bacteria (shape)
210.
sporangium: sporulating cell. (transforming stage)
211.
sporulation: asexual reproduction by the production and release of spores
212.
staphylo: clusters (arrangement)
213.
Steriod Hormones: make secondary sex characteristic in pubery. Female (estrogen, Progesterone), Male (testosterone)
214.
Steriods: Ringed structures Ex. Cholesterols, egosterol. (Membrane of eukaryotes and some bacteria)
215.
strepto: chains (arrangement)
216.
Taxomy: the science of nameing and classifying organisms. Karl Linne
217.
Teichaic Acid: Impregnated throughout peptidogylcan.
218.
tetra: four (arrangement)
219.
thermofiles: Like it hot Archaea
220.
Triglycerides: Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol (Fats and Oils) Major component of cell membranes. (lipid)
221.
triglycerides: Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol.
222.
tumble: when flagella reverse direction and cause the cell to stop and change course.
223.
Uracil: replaces thymine in RNA
224.
Vacuoles: saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates (Overflow storehouse) (organelle
225.
Van der Waals forces: Noncovelant associations between moelcues. Weak attraction that occur between molecues that demonstrate low levels of polarity.
226.
Vibrio: comma (shaped)
227.
Virology: Study of viruses
228.
Virus: World's best mutaters, (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. Then bust from cells and invade other cells.
229.
Vitamin B and C: Water soluble vitamins
230.
Vitamin K A D E: Fat Soluble vitamins
231.
Walter Reed: Proved that mosquitos carried yellow fever
232.
Water: Universal Solvent (more things disolve in this than anything)
233.
Water: Stable (freezing O celius) 32 fahrenheit. Boiling 100 celcius, 212 F. Most dence at 4 degrees Celcius.
234.
Waxes: Fatty acids, alcohols= Mycolic acid (cell wall of mycobacteria)
235.
Waxes: Comes from plants. We scrape it off (Lipid)
236.
Wet Mount: a slide with a drop of water
237.
xx: female
238.
xy: male
