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22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 what makes something alive? | 1. Living organisms take in energy and/or nutrients from the environment. 2. Living organisms sense and respond to the environment in controlled ways. 3. Living organisms grow and reproduce. 4. Living organisms contain genetic material. 5. Living organisms demonstrate homeostasis: the ability to regulate the internal environment to keep it within certain limits. 6. Living organisms have the capacity to evolve. |
| stereochemistry | the three dimensional shape of a molecule. |
| steroisomers | molecules with the same order of bonding but different spatial relationships among the atoms. |
| enantiomers | Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other |
| stereospecificity | implies that if one enantiomer fits the other enantiomer will not fit. examples: enzyme/substrate, hormone/receptor, antibody/antigen |
| hydrocarbons | chains of carbon atoms covalently bonded together with two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon. |
| fatty acids | hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group |
| triglycerides | 3 fatty acid chains are covalently bonded to glycerol. rich energy source, found in butter, lard, oils, animal fat |
| carbohydrates | provide energy for living organisms; each carbon has one water; monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharide | one sugar; at least two hydroxyl groups. a carbonyl group |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides covalently bound togeth |
| uses of disaccharides | Short term energy storage; Transport sugars from one group of cells to another group of cells. |
| glycosidic bond | formed when water is split out and the two sugars are linked together by oxygen |
| Polysaccharides | long chains of sugar molecules covalently bound together. |
| functions of polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin | energy storage in plants, energy storage in animals, structural support in plants, exoskeleton in arthropods |
| in starch, molecules of glucose are joined in | alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages |
| Starches form ___ which allow them to ___ forming ___ | helical shapes, pack together tightly, dense granules in cells |
| amylose | long, unbranched chain of D-glucose molecules connected by alpha-1,4 linkages. |
| amylopectin | is a long, unbranched chain of D-glucose molecules connected by alpha-1,4 linkages on the chain with alpha-1,6 linkages at the branch points every 24-30 residues |
| glycogen | a branched polymer of D-glucose molecules. - The chains are alpha-1,4 linkages - The branch points are alpha-1,6 linkages that occur every 8-12 residues. |
| cellulose | an unbranched polymer of glucose; residues are linked by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds |
| chitin | structural polysaccharide; beta-1,4 linkages |
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