Unknown Facts in DIT Vitamins
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86 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 names of all water soluable vitamins (both names) | B1 - thiamine (TPP) B2 - riboflavin (FAD, FMN) B3 - niacin (NAD) B5 - pantothenic acid (CoA) B6 - pyridoxine (PLP) B7 - biotin B9 - folic acid B12 - colbamin C - ascorbic acid |
| All fat soluble vitamines | A, D, E, K |
| Most common nutritional deficiency in US | iron |
| most common VITAMIN deficiency in US | folic acid (B9) |
| Water soluble vitamins have minimal overdose effects | True |
| Functionally active form of B1 | TTP (Thiamine pyrophosphate) |
| Reactions that B1 is part of | pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate -> acetyl CoA) a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (a-KG -> succinyl CoA in TCA cycle) transketolase (ribose 5-P -> glyceraldehyde 3-P) HMP shunt |
| How to diagnose a B1 deficiency? | increase in erythrocyte transketolase activity upon adding thiamine |
| Two conditions associated with B1 deficiency? | Beriberi (wet and dry) - where polished rice is major part of diet Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (alcoholics) |
| Dry beriberi vs wet beriberi | Dry beriberi nonspecific peripheral neuropathy with myelin degeneration, toe-drop, wrist-drop, foot-drop muscle weakness, hyporeflexia Wet beriberi peripheral vasodilation -> high output cardiac failure -> peripheral edema Cardiomegaly |
| Symptoms of wernicke-Korsakoff? | Wernicke - ocular disturbances/nystagmus, ataxia, confusion Korsakoff psychosis - confabulation, personality change, memory loss Due to loss of mamillary bodies, damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus |
| Biologically active forms of B2 | FMN FAD these are cofactors for redox reactions |
| Riboflavin deficiency symptoms | dermatitis cheilosis/angular stomatitis (cracks on side of mouth) glossitis (smooth, purple tongue) |
| Common population that has angular stomatitis? | denture wearers |
| nutrient deficiencies a/w cheilosis, glossitis, stomatitis | iron riboflavin niacin folate B12 |
| Active forms of niacin | NAD+ NADP+ |
| amino acid required to make niacin? | tryptophan |
| what vitamin deficiency seen in population that primarily eats corn? | B3 corn lacking in tryptophan, which can be metabolized to make niacin |
| Role of vitamin B5 in metabolism | component of CoA |
| Deficiency in B5 causes | nothing. there is no deficiency |
| Active form of B6 | pyridoxal phosphate |
| Metabolic function of pyridoxal phosphate | coenzyme for lots of stuff transaminations, deaminations |
| Drug that leads to deficiency in B6 and B3, can cause neurotoxicity if not supplemented | Isoniazid (INH) |
| Vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms | cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis CONVULSIONS hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy |
| biologically active form of B9 | tetrahydrofolate |
| metabolic reactions involving B9 | folic acid synthesis of purines (AG) and thymine |
| Deficiency of folate | neural tube defects growth failure megaloblastic anemia |
| Characteristic of megaloblastic anemia | big RBC, lots of megaloblasts in marrow hypersegmented PMNs |
| B12 deficiency | megaloblastic anemia + neurologic deficits |
| Excess folate causes? | B12 deficiency, because B12 is used to make tetrahydrofolate |
| Metal found in center of B12? | colbalt |
| Metabolic reactions that B12 is involved in? | homocystein+methyl THF -> methionine + THF (requires SAM) methylmalonyl CoA -> succinyl CoA |
| Secretes intrinsic factor | parietal cells |
| B12 binds to this in stomach | R-binder |
| B12 and intrinsic factor bind here | duodenum |
| B12 absorbed here | distal ileum |
| Drink radiolabeled B12 w/o intrinsic factor, pee radioactive B12 | B12 deficiency |
| Drink radiolabeled B12 w/ intrinsic factor, pee radioactive B12 | pernicious anemia, or lack of intrinsic factor |
| Drink radiolabeled B12 w/ pancreatic supplements, pee radioactive B12 | absorption problems (celiac disease, crohns) |
| Drink radiolabeled B12 after antibiotics or antiinflammatory drugs, pee radioactive B12 | bacterial overgrowth or overinflammation of bowel |
| Characteristic of pernicious anemia | no intrinsic factor megaloblastic anemia (no B12 absorption) CNS symptoms (myelin degeneration in dorsal and lateral tract) atrophy of stomach fundic glands, and replacement with mucus secreting goblet cells Homocystinuria and methylmalonic acid in urine |
| What difference between B12 deficiency and folate deficiency? | B12 homocysteine increased increased methylmalonyl neurologic defects nutritional deficiency rare, except in strict vegetarians Folate nutritional deficiency common (20% of US) NO neurologic defects NORMAL methylmalonyl homocysteine also increased |
| 2 malabsorption problems causing B12 deficiency | celiac sprue crohn's disease |
| Metabolic role of B7 (biotin) | apoenzyme in carboxylation reactions (they require ABC - ATP, biotin, CO2) |
| What food prevents absorption of biotin | egg whites (though you need to eat 20 egg whites a day to induce deficiency) antibiotic use also decreases biotin, as gut bacteria make biotin |
| What vitamine hydroxylates residues of collagen? What amino acids are hydroxylated? | 1. Vitamin C 2. proline, lysine |
| Signs of scurvy | Vitamin C deficiency sore spongy gums loose teeth fragile blood vessels -> hemorrhage swollen joints impaired wound healing anemia |
| Fat soluble vitamin coenzyme function | K |
| Antioxidant vitamins | C, E, A |
| Different forms of vitamin A | retinol, retinal (used by body) b-carotene (cleaved to make retinal) retinoic acid (cannot be reduced or used by body) |
| Vitamin A needed for? | vision growth reproduction (spermatogenesis) epithelial cell maintenance |
| Vitamin A treatment for? | acne and psoriasis (Use retinoic acid, or isotretinoin (oral) |
| Vitamin A deficiency | night blindness xerophthalmia (dry eyes 0> corneal ulceration and blindness keratomalacia (clouding of cornea) Bitot's spots (dry, silver-gray plaques on bulbar conjunctiva) headache, n/v, stupor dry skin enlarged liver joint/bone pain increased intracranial pressure |
| Vitamin A Causes what congenital malformations? | Blocks HOX genes hydrocephalus neural tube defect stop neural crest migration |
| When is Vitamin A bad? | Pregnancy -> NTDs Smokers -> increased lung cancer risk |
| Precursor of vitamin D3 in skin | 7dehydrocholesterol |
| Basic derangement in both rickets and osteomalacia | excess in unmineralized bone matrix due to no calcium and phosphate |
| Common clinical manifestations of rickets | bow-legged lumbar lordosis pigeon chest (protrusion of sternum/ribs) |
| Excess vitamin D intake 10-100x more than RDA | hypercalcemia |
| What disease can cause excess macrophage generation of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D | sarcoidosis |
| Role of vitamin K | post translation modification of clotting factors, serving as a coenzme of GAMMA-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues |
| Vitamin K deficiency | hemorrhagic disease |
| Why do newborns need vitamin K shots | no microbes in gut to produce vitamin K, and mothers milk doesnt provide enough |
| Drugs causing vitamin K deficiency with long-term use | coumadin/warfarin anticonvulsants antibiotics (loss of gut bacteria) |
| Vitamin K toxicity | hemolytic anemia and jaundice |
| Function of vitamin E | antioxidant - prevent oxidation of RBCs and other cells by oxygen free radicals |
| other name of vitamin E | alpha-tocopherol |
| Vitamin E deficiency | spinocerebellar degeneration - ataxia peripheral neuropathy and muscular weakness |
| patient with convulsion and irritability - what vitamin deficient? | b6 |
| vitamins with similar function to reduced glutathione | vitamins A, C, E (antioxidants) |
| Vitamin Deficiency causing: increased RBC fragility | E |
| Vitamin Deficiency causing: peripheral neuropathy, angular cheilosis, glossitis | B12 |
| Vitamin Deficiency causing: bitot spots, keratomalacia, xerophthalmia | A |
| Vitamin: treats acne/psoriasis | A |
| Vitamin: used in redox reactions | B2, B3 |
| Vitamin: carboxylation reactions | biotin |
| Vitamin: hyroxylates lysine and proline residues | C |
| Vitamin: deficiency from kidney disease | D |
| Vitamin: used by PDH and a-KG dehydrogenase | B1 |
| Vitamin: prophylactic injection to newborns | K |
| Vitamin: deficiency from INH use | B6 |
| Symptoms of zinc deficiency | poor wound healing decreased immune function |
| Enzyme inhibited by fomepizole | alcohol dehydrogenase |
| antidote for ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol poisoning | fomepizole - alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor |
| Kwashiokor presentation | protein malnutrition MEAL malnutrition, edema, anemia, liver is fatty from decreased apolipoprotein synthesis |
| Marasmus | energy malnutrition tissue and muscle wasting loss of subcutaneous fat |
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