| Miguel de Cervantes | A Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His influence on the Spanish language was so great that it is often called the language of Cervantes. |
| Elizabeth I (England) | One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. |
| James I (England) | believed in divine right, and antagonized Parliament |
| Rene Descartes | A French philosopher,mathematician, scientist, and writer. He was dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy", he came up with a lot of geometric shape and algebraic equations, and was a key factor in the Scientific Revolution. |
| Diego Velazquez | Spanish individualistic painter, in the court of Philip IV. His master piece was the Las Meninas. |
| Charles V (Spain) | Charles was power full, in fluencial, and had ALOT of land. He was the Duke of Burgundy, King of the Spanish Empire and the Habsburg territories, which included Austria and Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor. but that wasnt enugh for him, he continued to acquire more land throughout his life. |
| Ivan the Terrible (Russia) | ivan killed everyone that questioned his decisions. had mental illness and killed his own son |
| Michel de Montaigne | He became a judge in the Bordeaux Parliament, he was also acting as an intermediary between Henry of Navarre and the court party. As a result, in 1588, he was arrested by members of the Protestant League and thrown into the Bastille for several hours. |
| El Greco | El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century. |
| Philip II (Spain) | Charles V lead to the decline of spain, leaving it with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened Spain. |
| Cardinal Richelieu (France) | he stayed in office till the DAY of his death. (he was a bit power hungry) |
| Spanish Armada | Elizabeth had made her people build her advanced ships, because she had spies who told her everything. She had her men build tougher, and faster ships. |
| Henry IV (France) | On 14 May 1610, King Henry IV was assassinated in Paris by François Ravaillac, france loved henry, he was kind and just, contry was devistated by his loss, built a statue for him (still arond) and have an unofficial anthem centered on him |
| Edict of Nantes | grant the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. |
| Louis XIII (France) | not so good at the making of the babies, 4 stillborn, but the other two turned out to be a king and a duke, not bad |
| 30 Years War | was a religious war principally fought in Germany, where it involved most of the European powers. The conflict began between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, but gradually developed into a general, political war involving most of Europe. |
| Charles II (England) | Charles fled to the continent and spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands. |
| Louis XIV (France) | Most powerful ruler in french history. he was devoted to help france with the economic,political and cultural knowledge. |
| Peace of Westphalia | refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, and ended the thirty years war. |
| Oliver Cromwell (England) | called himself Lord protector of England. He also outlawed drinking, dancing, gambling, etc... |
| Restoration (England) | When Charles II helped to restore the monarchy in England, Scotland, and Ireland. |
| Peter the Great (Russia) | shared his throne with his half brother was very curious and went all over the west. he wanted to socialize russia and he made his sister sophia a nunn. |
| Glorious Revolution (England) | Occurred when James II was overthrown by union of Parliamentarians. |
| War of Spanish Succession | several European powers combined to stop a member of the French royal House of Bourbon from ascending to the Spanish throne, which could potentially unite the powerful kingdoms of France and Spain under one monarch, upsetting the European balance of power. |
| Maria Theresa (Austria) | Maria took the crown after her father and lost silesia and had many years of war |
