ALL science
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martina7823 on June 19, 2011
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195 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 prophase | first, longest, an most complicated stage of mitosis, stuff appears, disappears, moves |
| metaphase | centriols are at pole, spimdle fibers stretch to poles.chromosomes are in line (equator) |
| anaphase | centrioles are at poles, spindle fibers start to contract and break |
| telephase | full set of chromosomes at either pole, centrioles and fibers disappear |
| cytokinesis | divison of of cytoskeleton an orgenelles |
| animal cell | pinched by spindle fibers at he cleavage furrow |
| plant cell | cant be pinched in 2, builds cell plate across middle made by golgi apperatous |
| plant cell construction | builds from inside out |
| cancer | cancer can appear if the spindle fiber dont break right |
| Work | Joule (J) |
| Force | Newton (N) |
| Acceleration | m/s2 |
| Mass | kg |
| Power | Watt (W) |
| Runoff | water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground |
| rill | a tiny groove in soil made by flowing water |
| gully | a large channel in soil formed by erosion |
| stream | a channel through which water is continually flowing downhill |
| flood plain | wide valley through which a river flows |
| meander | a looplike bend in the course of a river |
| oxbow lake | a meander cut off from a river |
| delta | a landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake |
| erosion | the process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves weathered rock and soil |
| sediment | earth materials deposited by erosion |
| deposition | process in which sediment is laid down in new locations |
| alluvial fan | a wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a moutain range |
| Mechanical Weathering | the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces |
| Chemical Weathering | the process that breaks down rock through chemical change |
| Decomposers | soil organism that breaks down the remains of organisms and digests them |
| Dust Bowl | the area of the Great Plains where wind erosion caused soil loss during the 1930s |
| Weathering | the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface |
| Abrasion | the grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind |
| soil | the loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow |
| soil conservation | the management of soil to prevent its destruction |
| ice wedging | process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, the freezes and expands |
| humus | dark-colored organic material in soil |
| sod | a thick mass of grass roots and soil |
| conservation plowing | soil conservation method in which the dead stalks from the previous year's crop are ledt in the ground to hold the soil in place |
| force | push or pull |
| unbalanced force | an object to start moving stop moving or change direction |
| balanced force | equal forrces acting on one object in opposite directions |
| inertia | the tendency of an object to resist change in its motion |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object |
| newton | equals the force required to accelerate one kilogram of mass at one meter per second per second |
| friction | the force that one surface exerts on another when the two rub against each other. |
| sliding friction | when solid surfaces slide over each other |
| rolling friction. | when an object rolls over a surface |
| fluid friction | the friction that occurs when an object moves through a fluid |
| free fall | when the only force acting on a falling object is gravity |
| gravity | the force that pulls objects toward earth |
| projectile | an object thats thrown horizontally |
| air resistance | objects falling through air experience a type of fluid friction |
| terminal velocity | the greatest velocity the object reaches |
| weight | the force of gravity on a person or object at the surface of a planet |
| net force | the overrall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on an object are added together. |
| law of conservation of momentum | the rule that the total momentum of objects in an interaction does not change |
| momentum | the product of an object's mass and velocity |
| satellite | any object that travels around another object in space |
| electromagnetic energy | the energy of light and other forms of radiation |
| Power | the rate at which work is done |
| mechanical energy | kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object |
| joule | is the amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object the distance of 1 meter |
| work | when you exert a force on an object that causes the object to move a distance |
| energy | the ability to do work or cause change |
| newton | equals the force required to accelerate 1kg of mass at 1m per second squared |
| force | is a push or pull |
| mass | is the amount of matter in an object |
| electrical energy | the energy of moving electrical charges |
| nuclear energy | the potential energy stored in the nucleus of an atom |
| chemical energy | the potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| energy conversion | the change from one form of energy to another |
| kinetic energy | energy that an object has due to its motion |
| thermal energy | the total energy of the particles in a object |
| gravitational potential energy | potential energy that depends on the light of an object |
| law of conservation of energy | states that when on e form of energy is converted to another, no energy id destroyed in the process |
| elastic potential energy | the energy of stretched of compressed objects |
| fossil fuels | coal, petroleum, natural gas |
| potential energy | energy that is stored and held in readiness |
| friction | When two surfaces rub against each other. |
| sliding friction | When solid surfaces slide over each other. |
| rolling friction | When an object rolls over a surface. |
| fluid friction | When an object moves through a liquid or a gas. |
| free fall | When the only force acting on a falling object is gravity. |
| projectile | An object that is thrown. |
| air resistance | An upward force. |
| terminal velocity | When an object continues to fall and its velocity no longer increases. |
| weight | The force of gravity on a person or object at the surface of a planet. |
| International system of units | a system of measurement based on multiples of ten and on established measures of mass, length, and time |
| Unit conversions | changing a unit to another |
| Meter | the base unit for length |
| Motion | when the distance from anther object is changing relative to a reference point |
| Reference point | a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion |
| Speed | the distance traveled in one unit of time Speed = Distance / Time |
| Velocity | is speed in a given direction |
| Acceleration | The rate at which velocity changes Increasing speed, Decreasing speed, changing direction |
| Km | a metric unit of length equal to 1000 meters |
| Hm | a metric unit of length equal to 100 meters |
| Dam | a metric unit of length equal to ten meters |
| Dm | a metric unit of length equal to one tenth of a meter |
| Cm | a metric unit of length equal to one hundredth of a meter |
| Mm | a metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter |
| Species | A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. |
| Natural Selection | The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species. |
| Half-life | The time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive element to break down. |
| Relative dating | A technique used to determine which of the two fossils is older. |
| Gradualism | The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily. |
| Analogous structures | Structures that have similar functions in two organisms that have not evolved from a common ancestor. |
| Adaptation | A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce. |
| Variation | Any difference between individuals of the same species. |
| Mold | A type of fossil formed when a shell or other hard part of an organism dissolves, leaving an empty space in the shape of the part. |
| Absolute dating | A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil. |
| Punctuated equilibria | The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change. |
| Evolution | The gradual change in a species over time. |
| Fossil | The preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past. |
| Cast | A type of fossil that forms when a mold becomes filled in with minerals that then harden. |
| Fossil record | The millions of fossils that scientists have collected. |
| Branching tree | A diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. |
| Scientific theory | A well-tasted concept that explains a wide range of observations. |
| Sedimentary rock | Rock formed when layer of sediments harden over millions of years. |
| Radioactive element | An unstable particle that breaks down into a different element. |
| Extinct | A species that does not have any living members. |
| Homologous structure | Body parts that are structurally similar in related species; provide evidence that the structures were inherited from a common ancestor. |
| selectivly permeable | when certain types of substances pass through the cell membrane more easily then others |
| diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| osmosis | diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal |
| passive trasport | movement of substances across the cell membrane with out the use of energy by the cell |
| active transport | transport of a substance (as a protein or drug) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient |
| photosynthisis | what is: energy from sun light is used to split H2O molecules and combine its H atoms with CO2 and to make glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 |
| autotroph | plant capable of synthesizing its own food from simple organic substances |
| heterotroph | an organism that cannot make its own food |
| respiration | the process of breaking down food to release its energy |
| fermentation | process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
| This structure controls all of hte activities going on within the cell. It si the "brain" of the cell. | nucleus |
| This stucture si only found in plant cells. It gives the plant cells support and allows plants to grow tall. | cell wall |
| This is the term given to all of the stuctures within a cell. | organelles |
| This is what all of the organelles float in. | cytoplasm |
| This structure is found in both plant and animal cells. It allows materials to pass in and out of the cell. | cell membrane |
| This is the powerhouse of the cell. It supplies the cell with all of the energy it needs. | mitochondria |
| This structure is mainly only found in animal cells. It cleans up the cell by digesting old cell parts or digesting entire cells that are injured. | lysosomes |
| This structure carries proteins from one part to another | endoplasmic reticulum |
| This stucture is sometimes attached to the ER, where proteins are made. | ribosomes |
| These structures are only found in plants. They contain chlorophyll | chloroplasts |
| This structure stores food and water for the cell. It is found in both plant and animals cells, but is much larger in plant cells. | vacuole |
| Cell | A membrane bound structure that is the basic unit of life |
| Cell Theory | This says that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic unit of structure and function and that cells only come from other cells. |
| Golgi body | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| concentration gradient | a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of dna molecules that contain the genes |
| carbohydrate | any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things |
| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell |
| mutation | a change in a cell's genetic material. once the genetic material has changed, the change is inherited by the offspring of that cell |
| compound microscope | microscope that allows light to pass through a specimen and uses two lenses to form an image (the micro scopes we use) |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics (genes) |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| magnification | How large something is in a microscope |
| PMAT | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| protein | a class of nutients that builds body tissues and supplies energy. protien is made of amino acids. |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (asexual) |
| lipid | macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes |
| resolution | finding a solution to a problem; clarity |
| Trait | a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes |
| Heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Genetics | the study of heredity |
| Phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| Homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| Heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait |
| Purebred | the offspring of many generations that have the same traits |
| Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait |
| Hybrid | offspring of a cross between parents with different traits; heterozygous |
| Probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| Punnett Squares | a diagram that can determine the possible gene combinations |
| Karyotypes | the chromosomal characteristics of a cell or the chromosomes themselves or a representation of them |
| allele | alternative form of a gene |
| dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present |
| recessive | trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene |
| mitosis | the process in which the nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei |
| Codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| Multiple alleles | three or more alleles of the same gene |
| Amniocentesis | a surgery that is used to determine if the offspring of an organism is alright |
| natural selection | the process by which individuals that are better adapted to the environment will most likely survive and reproduce |
| variations | any difference between individuals of the same species |
| adaptation | a trait that helps an organism to survive and reproduce |
| species | is a group of similar organisms that they can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring |
| evolution | is the gradual change in a species over time |
| scientific theory | is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations |
| Phenotype | an organism's physical appearance |
| genotype | an organisms genetic makeup or allele combination |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait |
| codominance | a condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive |
| meiosis | is the process by which the # of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells |
| punnett square | a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross |
| probability | the like hood that a particular event will occur |
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