8th grade social studies review
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Created by:
sammysos907 on June 20, 2011
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127 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Literacy Test | A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. |
| Jim Crow Laws | Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | sumpreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal |
| Segregation | The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group. |
| Ku Klux Klan | a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep african americans from obtaining their civil rights |
| Grandfather Clause | A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867. |
| Black Codes | Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves |
| Sharecroppers | Workers on plantations who were paid with a percentage of the crops |
| Poll Tax | Term for a tax or payment that would be required before you could vote. |
| Radical Republicans | Group of Republicans who strongly opposed slavery and who wanted harsh penalties to be imposed on the south after the Civil War. |
| 13th Amendment | This amendment abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | This amendment gave citizenship to African Americans. |
| 15th Amendment | This amendment granted African Americans the right to vote. |
| Carpetbagger | A negative term referring to a northerner who moved to the south during reconstruction. |
| Freddmen | Term used to describe the slaves being freed in the south |
| Battle of Little Bighorn | a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876) |
| Indian Removal Act | Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. |
| Barbed Wire | Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier. |
| Sod Houses | Houses built with blocks of sod. Typically small and commonly found in the sides of hills in the midwest |
| California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country to San Francisco. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Connected the east and the west; encouraged settlement in the west |
| Trail of Tears | The route along which the United States government forced several tribes of Americans, including the Cherokees, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Creeks, to migrate to reservations west of the Mississippi RIver in the 1820s-30s. Those on the march suffered greatly from disease and mistreatment. |
| Manifest Destiny | Term used to describe the feeling that it was Gods will for America to extend its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean |
| Ellis Island | an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States |
| New Immigrants | immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe |
| Statue of Liberty | A large statue symbolizing hope and freedom on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. |
| Push Factors | negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their adobe and migrate to a new location |
| assimilation | the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another |
| Ghetto | Communities of people who share the same cultural or ethnic background. |
| Industrialization | the development of industry on an extensive scale |
| Child Labor | In the late 1800s a significant portion of the labor force was made up of children under the age of 15, some as young as 5 years old. These child laborers did not attend school. They worked in sweat shops which were workshops in tenements rather than factories. |
| Unions | organizations of workers who bargain with employers as a group |
| Assembly Lines | A long line of workers and equipment where one worker or group of workers does one job. |
| Free-enterprise system | An economic system in which people are free to operate their businesses as they see fit, with little government interference. |
| Tenements | poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived. |
| Stock | a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation |
| Strike | stop work in order to press demands |
| Mass Production | the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques) |
| Progressive Era | time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically |
| Jacob Riis | A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War |
| Trusts | Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. |
| Sherman Anti-trust act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions |
| Monopoly | (economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller |
| NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional |
| Upton Sinclair | He wrote a book called the jungle, describing the horrors of the meat packing industry. |
| Muckraker | journalists writers and photographers who exposed the social political and economic problems of society |
| Prohibition | Movement to ban alcohol; resulted in the 18th amendment |
| Women's Suffrage | (WW) , National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war |
| Yellow Journalism | Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force |
| Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. |
| Spanish- American war | In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence |
| Boxer Rebellion | A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. |
| Big Stick Policy | theodore roosevelt's plan to make the US navy stronger he once said "Speak softly and carry a big stick" |
| Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746) |
| USS Maine | Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War |
| Sphere of Influence | Areas around the seaports of China, where nations such as Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Germany gave themselves special privileges. |
| Neutrality | nonparticipation in a dispute or war |
| Isolationism | a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations |
| Kaiser | german emperor |
| Bolsheviks | Led by Vladimir Lenin it was the Russian communist party that took over the Russian goverment during WWI |
| propaganda | information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. |
| Armistice | an agreement to stop fighting |
| pacifist | one who is against war or the use of violence |
| reperations | payments to cover war damages |
| militarism | a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests |
| Zimmerman Telegram | March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. |
| Selective Service Act | law requiring men to register for military service |
| Treaty of Breast- Litovsk | Treaty that ended Russia's participation in WWI |
| League of nations | An organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace. |
| Fourteen Points | It was Wilson's peace plan. Each of the points were designed to prevent future wars. He compromised each point at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The only point which remained was the 14th (League of Nations). Each one was appealing to a specific group in the war and each one held a specific purpose. |
| Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans |
| Franz Ferdinand | archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I |
| Four- Minute Men | Men sent on tour by Pres. Wilson to present four minute propaganda speeches to the public. Made speeches to rally support for the war. |
| V.I Lenin | led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia |
| John J. Pershing | Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations |
| Lusitania | American boat that was sunk by the German U-boats; made America consider entering WWI |
| MAIN | militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, nationalism. |
| Stock Market Crash | Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock. |
| Bonus Army | Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash |
| New Deal | The name of President Roosevelt's program for getting the United States out of the depression |
| Brain Trust | Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet. |
| Works Progress Administration | May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project. |
| Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929 |
| Agricultural Adjustment Act | Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936 |
| Federal Emergency Relief Act | The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers , law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today |
| National Industrial Recovery Act | A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA. |
| Social Security Act | guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health |
| Fireside Chats | informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people |
| Dust Bowl | Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. |
| Soup Kitchens | Set up by charities to provide the poor with food |
| Herbert Hoover | President who was blamed for the Great Depression. He believes in a "hands off" approach, but changed to a trickle down theory- help the businesses and they will eventually help the people. |
| Hoovervilles | shanty-towns during the great depression that housed many who had lost everything. Shelters were built of old boxes and other discards. |
| Pearl Harbor | United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. |
| Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. |
| Rationing | a limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use |
| Victory Gardens | Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort |
| Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. |
| lend- lease act | allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S |
| Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939 |
| Internment Camps | The US forced thousands of Japanese Americans in camps and sold there land and shop, this did this because they were suspicious of them because of pearl harbor, they soon realized their mistake |
| Nuremberg Trials | Trials of the Nazi leaders, showed that people are responsible for their actions, even in wartime |
| Harry Truman | The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. |
| War Bonds | certificates sold by the United States government to pay for the war. |
| Atlantic Charter | 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war |
| Watergate | 1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down |
| John F. Kennedy | president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. |
| Ronald Reagan | first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) |
| United Nations | International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. |
| Berlin Wall | a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West |
| Korean War | The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. |
| Vietnam War | a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States |
| Persian Gulf War | a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders |
| Little Rock, Arkansas | Incident where President Eisenhower sent federal troops to allow black students into the high school. |
| Montgomery, Alabama | In 1955, Martin Luther King Jr., began a famous civil rights bus boycott here after Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat to a white passenger. |
| Civil Rights Movement | movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens |
| Levittowns | is the name of some large suburban developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons: |
| Baby Boom | the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II |
| Thurgood Marshall | American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. |
| Marshall Plan | a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) |
| Berlin Airlift | airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin |
| NATO | an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security |
| Warsaw Pact | treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | Stated in 1954 that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools |
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