| Term | Definition |
|---|
| neolithic revolution | change from nomadic life to farming life |
| ostracism | banish from society...particurly in Greece |
| parthenon | temple of Athena in Athens |
| homer | blind poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey |
| hippocrates | greek; physician; established doctor's oath called hippocratic oath |
| herodotus | greek; father of history--wrote "persian wars" |
| citizen | free resident.....particularly in greece |
| pericles | implemented democracy in Athens |
| alexandria | center of hellenistic world...named after Alexander the Great |
| polis | greek city state |
| cuneiform | one of first forms of writing; |
| republic | govenment with elected representatives....first done in Rome |
| ptolemy | hellenistic astronomer and mathmatician---proposed world was centered around earth |
| nebuchadnezzar | nasty ruler of bablyon---rebuilit babylon including hanging gardens of babylon |
| dictator | one ruler during times of war in Rome |
| virgil | wrote Aeneid |
| phoenicians | mediterranean civilization---good sailors/traders--invented first alphabet |
| legion | group of soldiers for Rome |
| augustine | early christian church leader; Bishop of Hippo; developed concept of original sin |
| rosetta stone | black stone that allowed decoding heiroglyphics |
| cultural diffusion | blending of cultures via trade, war, and.... |
| job specialization | people doing specific jobs...component of civilization |
| ziggurat | towers and temples dedicated to gods...sumerian |
| hammurabi's code | first set of laws WRITTEN...bablyon |
| mycenaens | early greek people...good sailors....fought trojans in trojan war |
| golden mean | aristotle's idea....life pursuit |
| archimedes | developed lever and pulley |
| acropolis | high city...partenon is on the acropolis |
| Zeus | highest greek god |
| Plato's Republic | book about how to govern and live life....favored monarchy |
| Zeno | philosopher who founded stoicism--high morals and equality |
| Iliad | homer's poem about the trojan war |
| Patricians | upper class Romans |
| Plebians | lower class Romans |
| Aeneid | written by virgil----the founding of Rome |
| Diocletian | emperor of Rome; tried to fix empire by dividing it into 2 |
| Hannibal | carthangian general who led army and elephants to rome through alps |
| Law of Nations | laws in rome that protected everyone....not just citizens |
| Peter | chief christian apostle----first pope |
| Paul | originally a jew, converted to christianity and spread it all over mediterranean |
| Akbar the Great | Mughal empire leader--opened govt jobs to all, encouraged toleration |
| Ibn Sina | persian doctor--wrote book on medicines and treatment |
| Quran | muslim bible |
| Sunni | muslims who believe the caliph could be any muslim---not a relative of muhammad |
| Shiite | muslims who believed the caliph should be a relative of muhammad |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | declartation of faith, alms, prayer, ramadan, hajj |
| Sufies | muslim; reached god through prayer and meditation |
| Ivan the Great | first dominate russian ruler; increased land size for russians |
| Justinian | byzantine ruler--put together book of laws (justinian's code) and tried to regain the glory of rome for byzantine empire |
| Summa Theologica | written by thomas aquinas---said faith and reason can coexist |
| henry II's common law | legal system based on custom...led to royal court system....applied to EVERYONE (this was new) |
| effects of black death | cost of labor went up; 1/3 of population; prices went up |
| divine comedy | written by Dante Alighieri--discusses a journey through hell and purgatory |
| concordant of worms | treaty that allowed only churches would select bishops (solved problem of lay investiture) |
| papal supremacy | when popes declared themselves the highest authority on earth---angered kings, etc |
| manor system | small villages made up of peasants that worked land (feudalism), serfs were tied to land, land owned by vassals |
| chivalry | code of conduct for knights during Middle Ages |
| feudalism | system of rule in Europe in middles ages...helped with protection of all....both political and economic |
| missi domenici | Charlemagne's officials who handed out rulings, checked on roads, and made sure things went well |
| legumes | agricultural product that helped soil replenish nutrients...helped in the production of more food |
| benedictine rule | regulates monastery life; obedience, poverty, chastity |
| treaty of verdun | split charlemagne's empire between his 3 grandson's |
| golden horde | mongolian armies that controlled Russia and attacked europe |
| theodora | advisor and wife to Justinian---pursued own policies not his |
| charles martel | grandfather of charlemagne, rallied/led christian/frankish troops against Muslims at Battle of Tours |
| ivan the terrible | first tzar, centralized royal power--led to absolutism for all future tsars |
| constantinople | capital of Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire; major port and city on trade routes |
| patriarch | leader of the church in the Byzantine empire....similar to pope for catholics |
| charlemagne | first Holy Roman Emperor, kept diligent records, appointed officials to rule parts of land, emphasized education |
| pope | head of the Roman Catholic Church...leader of the Bishops...lives in Vatican City |
| mosque | muslim house of worship |
| jihad | "holy war" for muslims; usually fought to defend islam....dying in a jihad means direct path to heaven |
| medina | also known as yathrib; muhammad fled to here for safety from Mecca; 2nd holiest city to muslims |
| mecca | holiest city for Muslims; kaaba located there; Muhammad's birthplace |
| kaaba | originally a pagan worship place; muhammad destroyed idols and dedicated it to Allah |
| hajj | 5th pillar of islam; pilgrimmage to mecca that each muslim should do once during life |
| suleiman the magnificient | ottoman ruler; extended muslim lands, tried to get into europe--unsuccessful; still ruled the largest empire in the world at the time |
| caliph | muslim leader....considered a successor of muhammad |
| hagia sofia | church rebuilt by justinian; spectacular dome; in istanbul; converted to mosque |
| petrarch | humanist...assembled library of greek and roman literature....helped lead to Renaissance |
| medici family | controlled city of Florence; |
| leonardo da vinci | artist, poet, inventor; painted Mona Lisa, Last Supper; did drawings of planes and subs well before invented |
| michelangelo | sculptures: David and The Pieta; also painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| raphael | created own style of art based on christianity; "School of Athens" and "The Madonna" |
| machiavelli | wrote a guide for rulers, "The Prince'; rulers shouldn't be nice---they should get the job done |
| gutenberg | invented the printing press; enabled books, etc to be spread throughout the world quickly |
| durer | "da vinci of the north"; artist, etc---helped spread the ideas of the renaissance to northern europe |
| sir thomas more | humanist, believed in "utopia"; executed when he would not support Henry VIII's break from Catholic church |
| 95 Thesis | written by martin luther; compaints against catholic church; posted on a church door in wittenburg; led to Protestant reformation |
| indulgences | "bribe' accepted by church leaders that would diminish time catholics spent in purgatory--luther hated them---led to protestant reformation |
| Peace of Augsburg | allowed princes in germany to decide which religion (catholicism or lutheran) to be dominant in their land |
| Diet of Worms | assembly when martin luther was pressured to recant his beliefs----he refused---and was excommunicated |
| Henry VIII | tudor king of England; fathered edward vi, mary tudor, and elizabeth; broke away from catholic church when pope would not annul his marriage with Catherine |
| Catherine of Aragon | 1st wife of henry viii; strong catholic; did not bear son for henry viii, so he divorced her for anne boleyn |
| mary Tudor | determined to return england to catholicism (after brother edward was protestant); killed many non-catholics in england; one of Phillip II's 4 different wives; daugher of henry viii and catherine of aragon |
| anne boleyn | 2nd wife of henry viii; mother to elizabeth; strong supporter of english reformation; executed for treason |
| jane seymour | 3rd wife of henry viii; mother of henry viii's only son: edward vi |
| elizabeth | daugher of anne boleyn and henry viii; ruled as protestant; queen of england; elizabethan settlement allowed for a peaceful religious time after long tumultuous time |
| edward vi | son of henry viii and jane seymour; king at 9; ruled as protestant; made book of common prayer; otherwise a weak ruler |
| ignatius loyola | founded the jesuit order of catholic priests---part of the catholic reformation which rebutted the protestant reformation |
| copernicus | declared the sun was the center of the universe---unique because everyone believed ptolemy and aristotle (earth was center of universe) |
| johnnes kepler | proved that planets move in ellipses--helped prove copernicus's theory of a helio-centric universe |
| galileo | invented first telescope;also helped prove copernicus's theory; looked at the moons of jupiter; threatened with excommunication unless he recanted his beliefs |
| leeuwenhoek | invented first microscope |
| vesalius | studied human anatomy; first to detail the human structure |
| boyle | began the work of studying matter and building blocks, etc; essentially world's first chemist |
| newton | "discovered" gravity; invented calculus |
| prince henry | sponsored exploration for portugal; hoped to help convert to others to christianity; never actually sailed very far |
| dias | portuguese explorer; first to sail around the cape of Good Hope; led to many others sailing to Asia |
| vasco de gama | portuguese explorer: first to sail to india by going around the Cape of Good Hope; established portuguese trading posts in India; led to much wealth for portuguese |
| magellan | spanish; first to circumnavigate the world; died on the trip; named the pacific ocean |
| afonso de albuquerque | portuguese; set up portuguese trading posts in east indies and india....helped lay foundation for portuguese dominance in SE asia during 1500's |
| dutch east india company | powerful company that controlled trade in SE asia; the company had soveriegn powers (build armies; tax, etc) |
| philippines | spanish trading post in SE asia; stored gold and silver here from new world to trade with china |
| macao | portuguese trading post in SE china |
| lord mccartney | british guy who tried to open up trade with china; unsuccessful; both china and he were arrogant and did want to give into other's demands |
| francis xavier | jesuit priest who helped open up japan to christianity |
| phillip II | absolute monarch of spain; 4 wives including mary tudor of england; extremely catholic; built spanish armada; hated elizabeth of england; defended catholicism; built escorial; extremely hard working leader |
| spanish armada | fleet of spanish ships (130 ships; 20000 men); goal was overwhelm and destroy england; unsuccessful due to weather; began the decline of spanish power |
| louis xiv | absolute monarch of france; believed in divine right; built versailles; lived very extravagantly; fought many wars for france and catholicism; revoked the Edict of Nantes |
| james i | first stuart monarch; catholic leader; fought with parliament cause he was catholic and he believed in divine right |
| charles i | son of james I; signed petition of right, but then ignored it for years; eventually found guilty of treason and murder; executed by his own people trial |
| charles ii | son of charles I; reestablished church of england after commonwealth; followed petition of right unlike his father |
| james ii | strong catholic; brother of charles II; eventually fled to france because of parliament did not like his religious beliefs--led to glorious revolution |
| oliver cromwell | leader of roundheads during english civil war; led roundheads to victory--very disciplined; was a puritan; became leader of "The Commonwealth"; outlawed taverns, theatres, etc. |
| william and mary | became rulers of england during glorious revolution after james II fled; signed English Bill of Rights; were protestant (not catholic); came from netherlands |
| roundheads | fought english civil war against cavaliers; oliver cromwell was leader; middle class members of parliament |
| cavaliers | followers of charles I during English Civil War; wealthier, upper class citizens |
| glorious revolution | bloodless change of power from james ii to william and mary; implemented by parliament |
| english bill of rights | signed by william and mary; led to "limited monarchy"; gave more power to parliament; part of glorious revolution |
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