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chitin material comprising cell wall of fungi conjugation sexual reproduction, practiced in monera; exchanging chunks of DNA transduction virus transfers DNA 4 characteristics of phylum Chordata - notochord - post-anal tail - pharyngeal gill slits - dorsal nerve cord notochord Cartilaginous rod that runs through the body, anchors muscles, precursor to endoskeleton; forms first in embryo, absorbed into ossified spine in higher animals. pharyngeal gill slits lead from pharynx to exterior; the ear holes are the pharyngeal gill slits in humans axial skeleton main central part of skeleton: cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum appendicular skeleton skeleton of appendages: pectoral and pelvic girdles number of heart chambers in all vertebrate phyla agnatha: 2 chondrichthyes: 2 osteichthyes: 2 amphibian: 3 reptile: 3 aves: 4 mammalia: 4 number of gill slits in fish agnatha: 7-15 chondrichthyes: 5-7 osteichthyes: 5 urochordata "tunicates" sac-like filter feeder have a notochord during early development start as larvae that look like tadpoles, develop into barrel-like adults cephalochordata "lancelets" translucent, fish-like body, without paired fins or other limbs; tail fin is present but poorly developed cartilage-like material but no true skeleton notochord extends into head, and is not ossified hemichordata "acorn worms" eat sand and mud, then extract organic debris for food use gills to breath, have an open circulatory system differences between lampreys and hagfish - lampreys have good eyes, hagfish have poor eyes - lampreys are mostly parasitic, hagfish aren't - lampreys go through metamorphosis, hagfish don't - lampreys have leather-like skin, hagfish have mucus-covered skin - lampreys are catadromous (living in fresh water, reproducing in salt water); hagfish are anadromous (living in salt water, reproducing in fresh water) chondrichthyes "elasmobranchs" - sharks, skates, and rays placoid scales (dermal denticles): small tooth-like scales, very stream-lined chondrichthyes: skeleton fixed and fused, but not attached to axial skeleton shark jaws two-hinged; can move up/down and in/out operculum gill covering in osteichthyes pectoral fin towards bottom, but not ventral function: change in direction/steering pelvic fin ventral, near the head anal fin ventral, towards back function: provides stability finlets small fins on fish that don't do much caudal fin on posterior end function: propulsion adipose fleshy piece, not a fin dorsal fins dorsal function: provide stability snout (fish) contains nasal ducts used for smell barbels "tentacles" hanging down from mouth of fish, sensory organs lateral line in fish and sharks: detects disturbances in the water neuromasts sensory hairs in the pores along the lateral line, to detect vibrations chemoreceptors detect food, gender, predators, and location air bladder in osteichthyes; detects changes in pressure, controls depth, can be used as primitive lung otilith in osteichthyes; inner ear stone, used for hearing and balance, senses gravity and acceleration osteichthyes scales ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid fusiform (fish) streamlined body compressed (fish) thin body depressed (fish) flat body ovate/truncate (fish) squarish body with softened edges globiform (fish) spherical body salmon life cycle stages egg -> alevin (with yolk at bottom) -> fry -> smolt -> adult -> spawners types of salmon chum ("thumb chum") sockeye (sock someone in the eye w/ index finger) chinook ("hook chinook") coho ("oh no coho") pink ("pinky pink") red (salmon) the hole in the gravel for eggs when spawning nictating membrane clear eyelid for seeing underwater while keeping the eyeball clean amniotic egg first in reptiles; embryo floats in amniotic fluid; reptile does not need water to reproduce difference between alligators and crocodiles alligators smaller, crocodiles larger alligator teeth can't be seen when mouth is closed, crocodile teeth can be seen alligators have a rounder nose, crocodiles have a bulbous nose determination of gender in reptiles temperature types of feathers down feathers: keep air trapped, for warmth contour feathers: cover most of body, used for flight filoplumes: nose and legs if a feather molts on one side, another is lost in the exact same place on the other side Spang's main 4 types of birds marine birds: webbed feet birds of prey: hooked beaks perching birds: grasping claws flightless birds: penguins, ostriches preen gland used in birds, secretes fluid to keep water off skin in marine birds 5 main characteristics of mammals - hair (or hair follicles - whales) - 4 chambered heart - mammary gland - feeds young with milk - placental birth - extended parental care pinnipeds class of marine mammals; "wing-footed" - seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters cetaceans class of marine mammals; "whale" - whales, porpoises, dolphins differences between seals and sea lions seals have no ears, have a hole through the head; sea lions have ear flaps seals propel themselves with back appendages and steer with front ones; sea lions propel themselves with front appendages and steer with back ones seals cannot walk on the front appendages, sea lions can rookery where marine animals will gather, all get out of the water, and reproduce Why do marine mammals migrate to warmer climates to reproduce? so that their babies don't freeze when they're born due to having too little blubber seal milk very fatty (43%) to give the young blubber walrus courtship males fight over a herd of females sagittal crest bump on the top of the head of a walrus sea otter fur extremely thick; water doesn't touch their skin Why do cetaceans jump out of the water? to show off and to lose parasites What types of cetaceans have single and what types have double nostrils? toothed whales - single baleen whales - double dolphins - single porpoises - single two kinds of whales toothed (ex. sperm) baleen (ex. gray, blue) sounding (whales) lifting tail out of the water and then diving down spy-hopping when whales lift their eyes out of the water echo-location use of sound to find objects like food spermaceti echo-locator on top of sperm whales How do sperm whales "hear" when echo-locating? through their jaws differences between dolphins and porpoises dolphins have sharp teeth, porpoises have blunt teeth dolphins have a triangular dorsal fin, porpoises have a sickle-shaped dorsal fin dolphins have a sharper nose, porpoises have a rounder nose catadromous living in fresh water, breeding in the ocean anadromous living in the ocean, breeding in fresh water viviparous producing living young from within the body (with an umbilical cord) oviparous producing eggs that hatch outside the body ovoviviparous producing eggs that hatch inside the female's body heterocercal tail upper part of tail is larger than lower part (as in sharks) homocercal tail tail is symmetrical (as in most bony fish) 4 main senses in sharks - sight - smell - lateral line: vibrations in water - Ampullae of Lorenzini: magnetic fields receptors in snout How do sharks compensate for not having a swim bladder? - heterocercal tail - oily liver that is less dense than water - pointy fins deuterostome anus develops first protostome mouth develops first niche the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species) iridescence exhibiting rainbow-like colors (ctenophores) umbo oldest part of the shell of a bivalve, from which the shell grows (the hinge) blastula the hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development otariids sea lions phocids earless, "true" seals odontocetes toothed whales (one blowhole) mysticetes baleen whales (two blowholes) sexual dimorphism difference in size, shape, or color between the sexes bradycardia slowing of heart rate in reaction to cold water catastrophic molt when seals shed all of their hair in a short period of time Jacobsen organ sense organ of a snake that the tongue flicks particles against to smell the air tympanic membrane eardrum on the side of the head in amphibians planktonic free floating nektonic swimming