Spang Final - Semester Two
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94 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chitin | material comprising cell wall of fungi |
| conjugation | sexual reproduction, practiced in monera; exchanging chunks of DNA |
| transduction | virus transfers DNA |
| 4 characteristics of phylum Chordata | - notochord - post-anal tail - pharyngeal gill slits - dorsal nerve cord |
| notochord | Cartilaginous rod that runs through the body, anchors muscles, precursor to endoskeleton; forms first in embryo, absorbed into ossified spine in higher animals. |
| pharyngeal gill slits | lead from pharynx to exterior; the ear holes are the pharyngeal gill slits in humans |
| axial skeleton | main central part of skeleton: cranium, vertebral column, ribs, sternum |
| appendicular skeleton | skeleton of appendages: pectoral and pelvic girdles |
| number of heart chambers in all vertebrate phyla | agnatha: 2 chondrichthyes: 2 osteichthyes: 2 amphibian: 3 reptile: 3 aves: 4 mammalia: 4 |
| number of gill slits in fish | agnatha: 7-15 chondrichthyes: 5-7 osteichthyes: 5 |
| urochordata | "tunicates" sac-like filter feeder have a notochord during early development start as larvae that look like tadpoles, develop into barrel-like adults |
| cephalochordata | "lancelets" translucent, fish-like body, without paired fins or other limbs; tail fin is present but poorly developed cartilage-like material but no true skeleton notochord extends into head, and is not ossified |
| hemichordata | "acorn worms" eat sand and mud, then extract organic debris for food use gills to breath, have an open circulatory system |
| differences between lampreys and hagfish | - lampreys have good eyes, hagfish have poor eyes - lampreys are mostly parasitic, hagfish aren't - lampreys go through metamorphosis, hagfish don't - lampreys have leather-like skin, hagfish have mucus-covered skin - lampreys are catadromous (living in fresh water, reproducing in salt water); hagfish are anadromous (living in salt water, reproducing in fresh water) |
| chondrichthyes | "elasmobranchs" - sharks, skates, and rays |
| placoid scales | (dermal denticles): small tooth-like scales, very stream-lined |
| chondrichthyes: skeleton | fixed and fused, but not attached to axial skeleton |
| shark jaws | two-hinged; can move up/down and in/out |
| operculum | gill covering in osteichthyes |
| pectoral fin | towards bottom, but not ventral function: change in direction/steering |
| pelvic fin | ventral, near the head |
| anal fin | ventral, towards back function: provides stability |
| finlets | small fins on fish that don't do much |
| caudal fin | on posterior end function: propulsion |
| adipose | fleshy piece, not a fin |
| dorsal fins | dorsal function: provide stability |
| snout (fish) | contains nasal ducts used for smell |
| barbels | "tentacles" hanging down from mouth of fish, sensory organs |
| lateral line | in fish and sharks: detects disturbances in the water |
| neuromasts | sensory hairs in the pores along the lateral line, to detect vibrations |
| chemoreceptors | detect food, gender, predators, and location |
| air bladder | in osteichthyes; detects changes in pressure, controls depth, can be used as primitive lung |
| otilith | in osteichthyes; inner ear stone, used for hearing and balance, senses gravity and acceleration |
| osteichthyes scales | ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid |
| fusiform | (fish) streamlined body |
| compressed | (fish) thin body |
| depressed | (fish) flat body |
| ovate/truncate | (fish) squarish body with softened edges |
| globiform | (fish) spherical body |
| salmon life cycle stages | egg -> alevin (with yolk at bottom) -> fry -> smolt -> adult -> spawners |
| types of salmon | chum ("thumb chum") sockeye (sock someone in the eye w/ index finger) chinook ("hook chinook") coho ("oh no coho") pink ("pinky pink") |
| red (salmon) | the hole in the gravel for eggs when spawning |
| nictating membrane | clear eyelid for seeing underwater while keeping the eyeball clean |
| amniotic egg | first in reptiles; embryo floats in amniotic fluid; reptile does not need water to reproduce |
| difference between alligators and crocodiles | alligators smaller, crocodiles larger alligator teeth can't be seen when mouth is closed, crocodile teeth can be seen alligators have a rounder nose, crocodiles have a bulbous nose |
| determination of gender in reptiles | temperature |
| types of feathers | down feathers: keep air trapped, for warmth contour feathers: cover most of body, used for flight filoplumes: nose and legs if a feather molts on one side, another is lost in the exact same place on the other side |
| Spang's main 4 types of birds | marine birds: webbed feet birds of prey: hooked beaks perching birds: grasping claws flightless birds: penguins, ostriches |
| preen gland | used in birds, secretes fluid to keep water off skin in marine birds |
| 5 main characteristics of mammals | - hair (or hair follicles - whales) - 4 chambered heart - mammary gland - feeds young with milk - placental birth - extended parental care |
| pinnipeds | class of marine mammals; "wing-footed" - seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters |
| cetaceans | class of marine mammals; "whale" - whales, porpoises, dolphins |
| differences between seals and sea lions | seals have no ears, have a hole through the head; sea lions have ear flaps seals propel themselves with back appendages and steer with front ones; sea lions propel themselves with front appendages and steer with back ones seals cannot walk on the front appendages, sea lions can |
| rookery | where marine animals will gather, all get out of the water, and reproduce |
| Why do marine mammals migrate to warmer climates to reproduce? | so that their babies don't freeze when they're born due to having too little blubber |
| seal milk | very fatty (43%) to give the young blubber |
| walrus courtship | males fight over a herd of females |
| sagittal crest | bump on the top of the head of a walrus |
| sea otter fur | extremely thick; water doesn't touch their skin |
| Why do cetaceans jump out of the water? | to show off and to lose parasites |
| What types of cetaceans have single and what types have double nostrils? | toothed whales - single baleen whales - double dolphins - single porpoises - single |
| two kinds of whales | toothed (ex. sperm) baleen (ex. gray, blue) |
| sounding (whales) | lifting tail out of the water and then diving down |
| spy-hopping | when whales lift their eyes out of the water |
| echo-location | use of sound to find objects like food |
| spermaceti | echo-locator on top of sperm whales |
| How do sperm whales "hear" when echo-locating? | through their jaws |
| differences between dolphins and porpoises | dolphins have sharp teeth, porpoises have blunt teeth dolphins have a triangular dorsal fin, porpoises have a sickle-shaped dorsal fin dolphins have a sharper nose, porpoises have a rounder nose |
| catadromous | living in fresh water, breeding in the ocean |
| anadromous | living in the ocean, breeding in fresh water |
| viviparous | producing living young from within the body (with an umbilical cord) |
| oviparous | producing eggs that hatch outside the body |
| ovoviviparous | producing eggs that hatch inside the female's body |
| heterocercal tail | upper part of tail is larger than lower part (as in sharks) |
| homocercal tail | tail is symmetrical (as in most bony fish) |
| 4 main senses in sharks | - sight - smell - lateral line: vibrations in water - Ampullae of Lorenzini: magnetic fields receptors in snout |
| How do sharks compensate for not having a swim bladder? | - heterocercal tail - oily liver that is less dense than water - pointy fins |
| deuterostome | anus develops first |
| protostome | mouth develops first |
| niche | the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species) |
| iridescence | exhibiting rainbow-like colors (ctenophores) |
| umbo | oldest part of the shell of a bivalve, from which the shell grows (the hinge) |
| blastula | the hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development |
| otariids | sea lions |
| phocids | earless, "true" seals |
| odontocetes | toothed whales (one blowhole) |
| mysticetes | baleen whales (two blowholes) |
| sexual dimorphism | difference in size, shape, or color between the sexes |
| bradycardia | slowing of heart rate in reaction to cold water |
| catastrophic molt | when seals shed all of their hair in a short period of time |
| Jacobsen organ | sense organ of a snake that the tongue flicks particles against to smell the air |
| tympanic membrane | eardrum on the side of the head in amphibians |
| planktonic | free floating |
| nektonic | swimming |
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