| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Asian | Name the territory that was added to Russia. |
| Duchy of Moscow | Name the political center that served as the focal point for the Russian liberation from the Mongols |
| Ivan III | Name the Russian ruler that was a large part of Russia freed from Mongol control in the 15th century. |
| Byzantine Empire | Name the government that Ivan the Great claims to have succeeded as the "Third Rome". |
| Rome | Name the empire that Ivan the Terrible declared that the Russian empire was the successor to. |
| Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in the Byzantine Empire following the death of Ivan IV | Define Cossacks. |
| Russian boyars attempted to limit tsarist autocracy and gain governing rights for themselves | Explain the Time of Troubles. |
| The Romanov Family | Name the family that was selected in 1613 to establish a new ruling dynasty in Russia. |
| Alexis Romanov | Name the tsar responsible for the abolition of the assemblies of the nobles and reform of the Orthodox Church. |
| Russians who refused to accept tsarist reforms of the Orthodox Church and who were exiled to Siberia for their conservatism | Explain who the Old Believers were. |
| Streamlined bureaucracy, Recognized military | Explain the political aspects of Western culture that Peter the Great emulated in Russia. |
| Baltic | Name the sea that became critical in the development of Russian power during the reign of Peter the Great. |
| St. Petersburg | Name the place where Peter the Great established a new capital for Russia. |
| mining, metallurgical industries | Name the industries where Peter the Great's program of economic development was concentrated. |
| Catherine the Great | Name the next powerful ruler of Russia after Peter the Great's death. |
| Radishev | Name the radical who urged the abolition of serfdom during the reign of Catherine the Great. |
| Parts of Siberia, Poland, The Pacific Coast of North America as far south as California, Alaska | Name the areas that were colonized or claimed by the Russian empire during the reign of Catherine the Great. |
| Poland, Russia, Prussia, Austria | Name the countries that participated in the successive partitions of Poland. |
| 1649 | Name the year that Russian serfdom became hereditary. |
| The labor obligation of Russian peasants to lords or the state | Define obrok. |
| 95 | Name the percentage of the Russian population that remained rural in the 18th century. |
| Led the Russian peasant rebellion | Explain what Pugachev did in the 1770s. |
| Lack of technological improvement | List the primary limitations on the expansion of the agricultural economy. |
| Caribbean | Explain where in the Americas the Spanish created the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World. |
| Grants of Indians to individual Spaniards in a kind of serfdom | Define encomiendas. |
| Taino | Name the group of Indians that supplied agricultural labor for the Spaniards in the Caribbean. |
| Converted natives to Christianity. Initiated the struggle for justice for the Indians | Describe what friar Bartolom e' de Las Casas did for the Indians. |
| Hernan Cortes | Name the person responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico. |
| The traditional Indian nobility remained in place, supported by Spanish authority, as middle men between the tax and labor demands of the new rulers, and the majority of the population | Name the Indian institutions that were retained by the Spanish to serve European administration purposes |
| The colonial governments replaced the labor of the encomiendas with Indian labor extracted through local officials to work on state projects, like churches, mines, etc. | Explain the mita. |
| Potosi' in Upper Peru | Name where the greatest silver mine was located. |
| Spanish America remained predominately an agrarian economy. Where large sedentary populations lived, Indian communal agriculture of traditional crops continued. As populations dwindled, Spanish ranches and farms began to emerge, finding land ownership more attractive. South American was known mainly for sugar and latercacao, not as a producer of wheat or rye. Crops exported to Europe from Spanish America made up only a small fraction of the value of the exports in comparison with silver | Characterize the agricultural system of Spanish America. |
| Led to the sharp rise in prices and a general inflation, first in Spain and then throughout western Europe | Explain how the importation of American bullion negatively affected the Spanish. |
| Letrados, university trained lawyers | Name the group of people who were most critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colonies in America. |
| Codified the laws into the basis for government in the colonies. Viceroys subdivided into 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts | Explain the Recopilacion. |
| Superior courts | Define audiencias. |
| The construction of Baroque churches. Universities. The Printing press. Monasteries | List what the Catholic Church introduced to American life. |
| Pedro Alvares Cabral | Name who caused the first landfall in the colony of Brazil in 1500. |
| Strips of land granted to the Portugese nobles | Define the captaincies. |
| half | Name the proportion of the Brazilian population that made up the slaves. |
| Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portugese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa, as well as Brazil. Unlike Spanish America, Brazil had neither universities nor printing presses | Name the primary difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. |
| Dutch, English, and French had established their own sugar plantation colonies in the Caribbean and were producing sugar, with slave labor. This competition led to a rising price for slaves and a falling world price for sugar, undercutting the Brazilian sugar industries | Name the conditions that undercut the position of the Brazilian sugar plantation economy. |
| Rio de Janeiro | Name the port that was associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil and subsequently became the capital of the colony. |
| Portugal could buy the manufactured goods it needed for itself and its colonies, as few industries were developed in the mother country. As a result, much of the Brazilian gold flowed from Portugal to England to pay for manufactured goods and to compensate for trade imbalance because the value of English manufacturers was greater than that of Portuguese wine | Explain the negative impact of the discovery of gold on Portugal. |
| Opened trade to many ports in Spain and the Indies, although trade was still restricted to Spaniards or to ships sailing under Spanish license | Explain the intent of the reformed Spanish policy of commercio libre |
| French Intendancy system was introduced. Government improved, but the traditional patterns of influence and power among the Creole bureaucrats was disrupted | List the Spanish reforms in the Americas in the 18th century. |
| Abbasid, Ottoman, Mughal, Safavid, Seljuk Turks | List the early modern Islamic empires |
| The Seljuk Turks | Name the group that dominated the Abbasid dynasty prior to the Mongol invasions. |
| Anatolia | Name the original base of the Ottoman Turks. |
| Mehmed 1 | Name who restored the Ottoman empire following the Timurid invasions. |
| 1453 | Name the year the Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine empire. |
| Slave troops of the ottoman forcibly conscripted as adolescents from conquered territories | Define Janissaries |
| Vizier | Name the head of the Ottoman central bureaucracy |
| Suleymaniye | Name one of the most beautiful of the Ottoman mosques of Constantinople. |
| Turkish | Name the chosen language of the Ottoman court. |
| 16th | Name the century when the Ottoman galleys were eclipsed by Western naval power. |
| Portugal | Name the European nation that first threatened the Ottoman monopoly of trade with East Africa and India. |
| janissaries | Name the group that represented such extreme conservatism within the Ottoman empire that reform was frustrated. |
| Iran | Name the center of the Safavid empire (modern day state). |
| Sufi | Name the variant of Islam the Safavid dynasty began from. |
| 1501 | Name the year that the first Safavid was declared shah. |
| Followers of the safavids were called redheads because of their distinctive head gear | Explain the Red Heads |
| Ismail | Name the first Safavid Shah. |
| Abbas the great | Name the Shah who brought the Safavid empire to its greatest extent. |
| Persian | Name the official language of the Safavid empire after Chaldiran |
| Isfahan | Name the capital of the Safavid empire under Abbas the Great. |
| Nadir Khan Afshar | Name the immediate successor of the Safavid dynasty in Persia. |
| Babur | Name the founder of the Mughal dynasty. |
| Panipat | Name the battle that the first Mughal emperor successfully defeated the Muslim ruler of the Lodi dynasty in 1526 |
| He was determined to extend Mughal control over the whole of the Indian subcontinent and he believed that it was his duty to purify Indian islam and rid it of the hindu influences. | List the goals of Aurangzeb. |
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