1.
______ rotation of a GDV is limited to 90 degrees of rotation and the greater omentum will NOT be visible.: counter-clockwise
2.
95% of deaths from GDV occur w/ in the first ____ and almost always due to _____ or ____ shock.: 4 days; hypovolemic/septic
3.
A post op GDV patient is NPO for how long?: 1 day
4.
Acetylcysteine, vit. C, E, and selenium are all? indicated for?: free radical scavengers; tx of reperfusion injuries
5.
Acute gastric dilatation is aka?: food bloat
6.
Any change to the spleen due to a GDV, except ________, indicates a concurrent splenectomy.: venous congestion (thrombosis and torsion = ectomy)
7.
Because GDV patients are running anaerobically, glucose metabolism is _________ and _______ develops.: inefficient; hypoglycemia
8.
Describe how a GDV patient becomes septic.: GIT ischemia = breakdown of mucosa and protective barrier = bacterial translocation
9.
Describe the cardiovascular effects of GDV?: pressure from distended stomach on vena cava and portal/splenic veins = decreased venous return to the heart = hypotension and portal/splenic hypertension
10.
Food bowls that are _____ can cause GDV.: raised
11.
Gastric necrosis occurs in about _____% of GDV cases, most often on the _______ and ______ is the tx.: 10; greater curvature; partial gastrectomy
12.
GDV patients will have a _____ leukogram.: stress
13.
How can gastric decompression cause CV instability?: release of endotoxins into blood as it reperfuses hypoxic areas where bacteria have escaped the lumen of the GI
14.
How does GDV cause acute renal failure?: profound vasoconstriction trying to increase BP shunts blood from kidney = ARF
15.
How long are fluids continued on a GDV patient post op?: 24 hours
16.
If the greater omentum is covering the stomach upon opening you know that the GDV rotated in which direction?: clockwise
17.
Increased risk b/c of breed, owner's request, and done concurrently w/ other abdominal procedures are all reasons that a gastropexy is done _____.: prophylacticly
18.
Overall, gastric decompression improves ____ and ____ fxn.: CV and resp.
19.
Perforation is ____ w/ GDV.: uncommon
20.
Potassium levels are _______ with GDV!: unpredictable
21.
Reperfusion injury can cause platelet ________, ______ and decreased cardiac _______.: activation; fever, contractility (output)
22.
T/F a gastropexy resolves all future problems of GDV.: F; dilatation from any number of reasons can still occur
23.
T/F dogs with a first degree relative that has had GDV are at increased risk.: T
24.
T/F GDV can be distended w/ gas and/or fluid.: T
25.
T/F lidocaine is a free radical scavenger.: T
26.
T/F overweight dogs with concurrent splenomegaly are predisposed to GDV.: F; underweight dogs and dogs post spleenectomy
27.
T/F the age range of large breed dogs predisposed to GVD is from 10 months to 14 years.: T
28.
T/F the animal w/ GDV will have tachycardia due to decreased BP via decreased venous return and tachypnea due to metabolic acidosis/dec tissue perfusion.: T
29.
T/F the dilation of a GDV always precedes the volvulus.: F; unsure of which occurs first
30.
T/F you can treat an acute gastric dilatation w/ emesis or a orogastric tube.: T
31.
The _____wise rotation of the GDV is much more common.: clockwise
32.
The adhesion formed during a gastropexy should be such that?: it does not entrap other organs
33.
The px for GDV has an _____% survival rate with a timely sx, but _______% mortality if gastric necrosis has set in.: 85; 50;
34.
The stomach in acute gastric dilatation is in a normal ______.: position
35.
This class of drug is indicated for GDV b/c of their minimal CV effects.: opioids
36.
What are the 3 goals of GDV sx?: 1 - determine viability of stomach/spleen
2 - correct gastric/splenic positioning
3- prevent gastric volvulus recurrence
37.
What are the three broad steps to initial GDV tx?: 1. stabilize (fluids, decompression, pain) 2. abx/free radical scav./ GC, 3. Sx
38.
What are the three methods to achieve gastric decompression, in order?: orogastric intubation; trocharization; emergency gastrostomy
39.
What cardiac arrhythmia is most common w/ GDV?: VPC
40.
What degree of rotation and direction is the most common presentation for GDV?: 180 deg. clockwise
41.
What fluid combo. for GDV has increased survival rates?: crystalloids and colloids
42.
What is a gastropexy?: the creation of a permanent adhesion between the pyloric antrum and the right lateral body wall
43.
What is chronic gastric volvulus?: large breed dog disorder w/ a malposition of the stomach and NO distention, tx via gastropexy
44.
What is the definition of GDV?: distention of the stomach and rotation of the stomach on the mesenteric axis
45.
What is the initial goal of medical tx of GDV?: stabilize CVS, resp, and renal systems
46.
When are emergency gastrostomys indicated?: when orogastric intubation and trocharization have failed
47.
When are rads indicated for GDV patients?: after they've been medically stablilized
48.
When do you treat VPC's in a GDV patient post op?: when ass. w/ weakness or syncope or w/ tachycardia >150 BPM
49.
Which formulation of dry food can induce a GDV?: dry food with oils/fats listed first
50.
Which four c/s are indicative of GDV?: looking/biting at abdomen; preying posture; non-productive retching; distended abdomen
51.
Which layers of the stomach are incised w/ a gastropexy?: serosal/mucosal
52.
Which procedure for the tx of gastric necrosis due to GDV causes less contamination of the abdomen but increases the risk of gastric ulcers.: gastric invagination
53.
Which sx tx for GDV is not recommended normally, but can be used if patients need abrupt removal from anesth?: incorporating gastropexy (stomach wall is incorporated into linea alba incision
54.
Which view for rads is contrainicated for GDV, why?: VD, may predispose to reflux and aspiration
55.
Which view is most diagnostic for GDV?: RL
56.
Why do GDV patients have increased ALT/bilirubin?: hepatocelluar damage from acidosis/portal hypertension
