| Term | Definition |
|---|
| drought | long period of dry weather |
| famine | widespread lack of food |
| surplus | extra supply |
| barter | trade of one kind of product for another without using money |
| Fertile Crescent | strip of rich land in Middle East from Mediterranean Sea to Persian Gulf |
| Mesopotamia | means "land between two rivers", the Fertile Crescent |
| Sumer | Sumerian land in lower Mesopotamia |
| city-state | self-governing city and the lands around it |
| ziggurat | where Sumerians honored their gods and goddesses, most important,tallest building |
| cuneiform | Sumerian system of writing using clay tablets and stylus, first created to record business deals |
| Babylon | city-state,a little upstream from Sumer |
| Hammurabi | Babylonian ruler, great lawgiver, made Code of Hammurabi |
| Code of Hammurabi | world's first effort to record laws, 282 laws in all, "eye for an eye" justice |
| Judaism | one of the world's great religions developed by the ancient Hebrews, one God |
| Abraham | great Hebrew leader, lead Hebrews to Caanan, |
| Moses | Hebrew living in Egypt with the pharaoh, lead Hebrews out of Egypt due to slavery, God gave Moses the Ten Commandments |
| Mount Sinai | Where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments |
| Ten Commandments | foundation of Hebrew law governing religious belief and behavior |
| polytheism | belief in many gods |
| monotheism | belief in one God |
| Solomon | king of Israel, developed proverbs (words of wisdom) |
| Jerusalem | busy city that King David conquered for Israel |
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