1.
Animation is essentially made up of what?: a series of individual frames,
2.
Animation is just like...: playing the frames of a standard DVD or VHS tape, you're looking at a series of still shots played one after the other.
3.
As the current passes through from one electrode to the next what happens?: the strength of the signal will change depending upon the contact between the vocal folds.
4.
comparison of microphone and EGG signals.: 
What do we have in this slide?
5.
Diagram C2- shows the MOST vocal fold contact=better signal: 
Which Diagram is the signal highest for?
6.
different paths that current takes in an EGG as it passes from 1 electrode to other. Looking here at larynx from above, person's nose is pointing up on screen= front of larynx is on top.:
What is the diagram show?
7.
does not include HARMONICS ‐‐ it doesn't give much insight into harmonic spectral slope. It doesn't show influence of vocal tract transfer function ‐‐ there is formant energy visible in an EGG signal.:
What does the EGG not reveal very well ( or at all?)
8.
features of the vocal source. It does ONLY show however the FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY:
What does the EGG signal reveal?
9.
For each glottic cycle in an EGG what will each signal do?: Go up and down in strength
10.
How does light source that produces flashes know when to make those flashes occur relative to movements of vocal folds?: form of synchronization.
11.
how stroboscopy works in terms of capturing vocal fold oscillation at various points of the glottal cycle: 
What does this waveform give you an idea of?
12.
If during phonation the vocal folds are in CONTACT along their length what happens?: get a STRONGER signal ‐‐ more current will flow.
13.
If F₀ is erratically varying or if it's going up and down, as it would in singer with bravado then what happens to stroboscopy?: the system will not be able to maintain the flash rate appropriately, because the F₀ is too unsteady.
14.
If folds are SEPARATED, as they will be during part of the glottic cycle, what happens to the signal?: will DECREASE.
15.
If the F₀ is erratic if the person is very dysphonic and the voice is not smooth at all what happens to Stroboscopy?: it can make it rather DIFFICULT to get good clear stroboscopic images.
16.
if the voice disorder is particularly severe what would happen to the Stroboscopy?: prevent synchronization in meaningful way. Wouldn't get a good image, even though in most severe cases it's helpful clinically to be able to see what's happening at level of folds.
17.
If vocal fold oscillation itself is very disturbed or there is barely any phonation then what may be the problem?: there is something seriously wrong with the larynx
18.
If you are making comparisons of an EGG over time or within the same session what can it reveal?: changes in the level of vocal fold adduction. So if you squeeze vocal folds together very tightly, or have them more loosely adducted, changes would be reflected in shape of the EGG waveform.
19.
If you suspect something wrong with larynx what should you do as a clinician?: get a well illuminated view of the structures of the larynx that might be contributing to the disordered phonation.
20.
If you then switched up to falsetto from a modal register what would you see?: the shape of wave form itself would change as well, as would frequency of vibration.
21.
If you want a slow motion image in stroboscopy what should you get?: you'll want those flashes in SUCCESSIVE CYCLES to be taken later each time ‐‐ so you CAPTURE vocal folds first as they're about to open, then when they're a tiny bit open, and then a little bit more open etc.
22.
If you were to put an EGG on your neck and then phonate in a variety of different ways what would you see?: qualitative changes in the signal that correspond to the type of phonation that you are producing.
23.
In order for timing to work in Laryngeal Stroboscopy, the fundamental frequency must be what?: relatively steady.
24.
It's going up & down over time.The dots you see reflect time at which each still snapshot was taken.:
If you look at the top wave form what do you see?
25.
might correspond more to adducted phonation, where voice is more pressed, or it could be strong modal voice where lot of tissue is in contact from 1 side to another.:
What is happening in Diagram C2
26.
person is breathing because vocal folds aren't adducted so signal path has to be around front of folds or all way around back of larynx. Because it has to pass far, it attenuates in strength along way, so you'll have weak output.:
What's happening in Diagram A
27.
person is phonating because the arytenoids are together. Vocal folds are at open part of cycle in this image, and so signal strength is smaller in here than in C.:
What's happening in Diagram B
28.
place where dot occurs is successively later in cycle which means, you have a picture of vocal folds as they've moved a further, not from same cycle taken with high speed imaging, but taken from successive cycles.:
What do you see as you go from cycle to cycle in the top wave form?
29.
purely what the larynx itself is doing in terms of vocal fold contact area changes.:
What does this waveform represent?
30.
Reconstruction of last waveform, now have rising & falling pattern that's spread over time which is just like seeing vocal folds opening and closing in slow motion.:
What is the middle diagram showing?
31.
Since you are not watching true slow motion imaging of vocal folds we see what instead?: a simulation
32.
Stroboscopic devices would give you what kind of image if not flashing and capturing an image?: blurred image of the vocal folds, the same way that you would get with a mirrored view of the larynx.
33.
The principal of the operation relies entirely...: on the Stroboscope
34.
the vocal folds are in contact with one another.:
What is happening in Diagram C
35.
very complex. It does repeat from cycle to cycle, but it has many peaks and troughs in it.:
What do we notice in the Sound Pressure waveform at the top?
36.
vocal fold contact area signal from the EGG, however, is much simpler. It simply goes up and down once for each glottis cycle.:
What do we notice about the the Vocal Contact area at the bottom of the slide?
37.
What are two forms of synchronization
?: throat microphone and electroglottograph
38.
What can a vocal fold simulation allow us to see?: important features of the vocal fold oscillation cycle while it is happening.
39.
What can you use to see stroboscopic images?: rigid oral endoscope or a flexible nasal endoscope with flash illumination from a zenon light source
40.
What do many of the light sources that are used for stroboscopy illumination have?: adjustments on them that let you select the apparent playback speed.
41.
What do the changes in the EGG reflect?: things that are happening at the level of the vocal folds that are relevant to the quality of phonation.
42.
What do you do with the electrodes?: placed on either side of larynx on surface of neck, so that a current can be passed through from one side to the other.
43.
What does optical illusion effect depend on?: When snapshot is taken and whether the frames that were taken for movie coincided with particular position of wheel.
44.
What does the principal of Stroboscopy rely on?: ANIMATION
45.
What does the signal coming out of the EGG actually represent?: Vocal Fold Contact Area.
-If folds are fully compressed against one another during loud phonation, signal is stronger. Will vary in strength depending on how much tissue is in contact between left and right sides.
46.
What does the wave form that comes out of the EGG, or Electroglottograph, represent?: movements of the vocal folds
47.
What does the word ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPH mean when broken down?: "electro" =electricity current, "glotto" refers to glottis of vibrating vocal folds, and "graph" suggests it gives us some kind of image.
48.
What is a clinically applicable feature of the reconstruction of this waveform?: you can actually be looking at a person's vibrating vocal folds in real time in apparent slow motion.
49.
What is a throat microphone?: HELD OVER LARYNX, Allows system to extract F₀ from person's phonation. Since system knows person's F₀, can PREDICT where vocal folds will be at any moment in time, produce flashes that occur at specifically timed intervals during phonatory cycle.
50.
What is a widely used tool in clinical Speech Therapy?: stroboscope
51.
What is an electroglottograph?: black box with 2 ELECTRODESon end. These electrodes are placed on either side of the larynx on the surface of the neck, so that a CURRENT can be passed through from one side to the other.
52.
What is electroglottography? (EGG): used to synchronize flashes in stroboscopy system so that they'll occur at right time relative to movements of vocal folds themselves.
53.
What is important in the EGG?: change in vocal fold contact area.
54.
What is Laryngeal stroboscopy?: a very powerful and widely used clinical tool that is not without its limitations.
55.
What is the difference in the Animations of Stroboscopy and the Animation of VHS or DVD stills?: captured them in very specific positions, so when you play it back you get a simulated slow motion movie.
56.
What is the easiest type of person to make an EGG recording from?: tall skinny male- there's little fat tissue on surface of neck, and male larynx is larger and more prominent than female larynx.
-Lets you get electrodes in close proximity to folds themselves, which improve signal quality that you receive from this device.
57.
What is the electrical signal that comes out of an electroglottograph referred to as?: "record of the vocal fold contact area." a relative measure. -Reflects changes in vocal fold contact area as folds open and close during phonation.
58.
What light source can you use with scope equipment that doesn't flash?: halogen or continuous light
59.
What will Stroboscopic images reflect about the vocal folds?: -images that reflect the vocal folds in a variety of positions, but in a logical sequence, as they go through the cycle of vibration.
60.
What's animation?: taking successive still images and playing them back in rapid succession to give the illusion of motion.
61.
What's critical in Stroboscopy?: Timing
62.
When you are looking at the vocal folds with STROBOSCOPY what will happen?: flash of light illuminates vocal folds when they're in particular position.Take series of flash illuminated images and 'paste' them back together, in series that allows you to get an ANIMATION.
63.
When you play back these individual images in rapid succession what is created?: animation.
64.
Where do you place the individual electrodes and what will happen?: on either side of larynx, directly on lamina of thyroid cartilage allows electrical current to pass from one side to other at the level of the vocal folds.
65.
Why is it in old western movies it appears wagon wheels are turning backwards when the wagon is moving forwards?: Movies are made of successive still shots each shot captures wheel spokes, they look no different in any degree,when shots are put back together quickly,looks like wheels going in opposite direction.
66.
Why is measuring the voltage coming out of an EGG NOT very helpful?: because many of the EGG units have an automatic gain control. Gain control feature will boost up voltage for weak signal and decrease it if signal looks too strong.
67.
Why is the exact placement of the electrodes on the neck important?: to get a good clear signal to evaluate
68.
Why is timing so important to stroboscopy?: if you want folds to appear to NOT MOVE at all, even when person isn't phonating, you want flash that illuminates them to occur at SAME TIME in each glottal cycle.
69.
With laryngeal stroboscopy do we see a TRUE slow motion oscillation OR a SIMULATION?: not really looking at true slow motion vocal fold oscillation ‐‐ is a simulation instead.
70.
You could make it look as if vocal folds are oscillating very slowly, or more rapidly, depending upon what?: exact timing of these individual flashes that illuminate the larynx for each still photo that is taken.
71.
you might be in a falsetto register, where you have rather minimal vocal fold contact between the right and left sides.:
What is in Diagram C1?
