A&P1 Lecture - Lesson 2
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102 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Calcium | This element is important for membrane function. |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons. |
| Reactivity of an Atom | Determined by electrons in the electron cloud |
| Valence shell | --determines bonding --outermost shell |
| ionic bond | attraction between cations and anions |
| cation | electron donor |
| anion | electron acceptor |
| covalent bond | STRONG electron bonds involving shared electrons |
| hydrogen bond | WEAK polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions |
| molecules | two or more atoms joined by strong bonds |
| compounds | two or more atoms OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS joined by strong or weak bonds |
| Compounds are all molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. | Compounds are all ________, but not all ________ are compounds. |
| H2 is a molecule | Is H2 a molecule? A compound? or both? |
| H2O is a molecule and a compound | Is H2O a molecule? A compound? or both? |
| oxidation | Step 1 of ionic bond formation. One atom, the electron donor, loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation with a positive charge. This is called __________. |
| reduction | Step 2 of ionic bond formation. Another atom, the electron acceptor, gains those same electrons and becomes an anion, with a negative charge. This is called __________. |
| high ionization energies | High electronegativity differences between atoms. Occurs in ionic bond formation. |
| low ionization energies | Similar electronegativity differences between atoms. Occurs in covalent bond formation. |
| single covalent bond | sharing one pair of electrons |
| double covalent bond | sharing two pairs of electrons |
| triple covalent bond | sharing three pairs of electrons |
| nonpolar covalent bond | EQUAL sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons |
| polar covalent bond | UNEQUAL sharing of electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionately strong pull on the electrons |
| polar molecules | --formed by polar covalent bonds --ex: water |
| polar covalent | A molecule of water has what kind of bonds? |
| hydrogen bond | bond between adjacent MOLECULES, not atoms |
| evaporation; surface tension | Hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules slow rate of _______ and creates _____ _____. |
| reactants | materials going into a reaction |
| products | materials coming out of a reaction |
| metabolism | all of the reactions that are occuring at one time |
| energy | the power to do work |
| work | a change in mass or distance |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy (e.g., a book on a shelf) |
| chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| anabolism | Synthesis reaction aka? |
| catabolism | Decomposition reaction aka? |
| condensation | Dehydration aka? |
| hydrolysis | Hydration aka? |
| form | Does a synthesis reaction form or break chemical bonds? |
| break | Does a decomposition reaction form or break chemical bonds? |
| adding water, which breaks bonds | What is hydration/hydrolysis? |
| Decomposition first, then synthesis (breaks bonds down, then forms them) | What is a exchange reaction? |
| reaction that occurs simultaneously in both directions | What is a reversible reaction? |
| CO2+H2O<-->H2CO3<-->H^+ + HCO3- | What is the chemical formula for a reversible reaction? |
| activation energy | the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started |
| enzymes | protein catalysts that LOWER the activation energy of reactions-->speed up reactions |
| exergonic (exothermic) reactions | RELEASE OR PRODUCE more energy than required by the activation energy to start a reaction |
| endergonic (endothermic) reactions | REQUIRE OR ABSORB more energy than released to begin the reaction |
| solution | uniform mixture of two or more substances |
| solvent | aka a medium, in which atoms, ions, or molecules of a solute are individually dispersed |
| solute | atoms, ions, or molecules that are dispersed in a solvent |
| lubrication | to moisten and reduce friction |
| hydration spheres | formed by polar water molecules around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution |
| electrolyte | inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution; conducted by an aqueous solution containing anions and cations, where the cations (+) move towards the negative terminal and the anions (-) move towards the positive terminal |
| generation of heat to maintain body temperature, combustion reaction of fuels, adding concentrated acid to water, burning of a substance | Example of exothermic reaction |
| chemical cold pack w/ ammonium nitrate and water, evaporation of water, photosynthesis | Example of endothermic reaction |
| NaHCO3 | The electrolyte, sodium bicarbonate |
| Na+ + HCO3- | Ions released by NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) with water |
| electrolyte imbalance | this imbalance seriously disturbs vital body functions |
| hydrophilic | --water loving/interacts with water --includes polar molecules and ions |
| hydrophobic | --does not interact with water --includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils |
| colloid | a solution of very large organic molecules, like blood plasma or milk |
| suspension | a solution in which particles settle (sediment), for example, whole blood |
| concentration | amount of solute in a solvent (mol/L, mg/ml) |
| pH | stands for potential hydrogen; concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution |
| lower; higher | More H+ ions mean ______ pH, less H+ ions mean _____ pH |
| donor (it adds H+ ions to a solution) | Is an acid a proton donor or acceptor? |
| acceptor (it removes H+ ions from a solution) | Is a base a proton donor or acceptor? |
| weak acids and weak bases | --fail to disassociate completely --help balance pH |
| salts | --solutes that dissociate into cations and anions other than hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions --neutral compounds |
| buffers | --weak acids/salt compounds --neutralizes strong acids or strong bases --ex: sodium bicarbonate (Na+HCO3-) |
| antacids | a basic compound that neutralizes acid and forms a salt |
| trioses, pentoses, hexoses | 3 types of monosaccharides |
| maltose, sucrose, lactose | 3 types of disaccharides |
| glycosidic bond (associated with carbs) | Two monosaccharides are linked by what kind of bond to make a disaccharide? |
| fatty acids | long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxylic acid group (COOH) at one end |
| saturated fatty acids | fatty acids with hydrogen (4 single covalent bonds around a carbon atom) |
| unsaturated fatty acid | fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds |
| monounsaturated fatty acid | one double bonded fatty acid |
| polyunsaturated fatty acid | two or more double bonds |
| lower | The longer the hydrocarbon tail, the ______ the solubility of the molecule. |
| leukotriene | a class of eicosanoid; active in immune response |
| prostaglandins (PGs) | a class of eicosanoid; short-chain fatty acids; produces sensation of pain/triggers start of labor contractions |
| glycerides | fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule; linked together by an ester bond |
| ester bond | What bond links together fatty acids and a glycerol molecule? |
| monoglyceride | glycerol+one fatty acid |
| diglyceride | glycerol+two fatty acids |
| triglyceride | glycerol+three fatty acids |
| energy source, insulation, protection | The three functions of triglycerides |
| steroids | a type of lipid; four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups |
| cholesterol, estrogens and testosterone, corticosteroids and calcitriol, bile salts | 4 types of steroids |
| cholesterol | a type of steroid; component of plasma (cell) membranes |
| estrogens and testosterone | a type of steroid; sex hormones (androgens) |
| corticosteroids and calcitriol | a type of steroid; metabolic regulation |
| bile salts | derived from steroids; produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder |
| phospholipid | diglyceride attached to a phosphate group |
| glycolipid | diglyceride attached to a sugar |
| proteins | the most abundant and important organic molecules |
| C, H, O, N | Proteins contain what four basic elements? |
| 20; 10 | How many amino acids are there? How many are essential/obtained from diet? |
| support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, defense | What are the 7 major functions of proteins? |
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