Exercise physiology chapter 4
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christensen1 on July 1, 2011
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Are there any neurons that cause inhibition of muscle contraction? | NO |
| Somatic neurons always have what effect on the skeletal muscle? | excitatory |
| Sympathetic motor neurons generally have an excitatory effect on what organs? | smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| Parasympathetic motor neurons typically have an inhibitory effect on what organs? | Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| Why do sympathetic and parasym have opposite effects on effector organs? | They release different neurotransmitters |
| Where are the cell bodies of somatic, parasym, and sympathetic motor neurons found? | In the ventral horn of the spinal cord |
| What is another name for somatic motor neurons? | Alpha motor neurons |
| What do somatic motor neurons affect? | Skeletal voluntary muscle |
| What neurotransmitter is released by somatic motor neurons? | ACh |
| What is the motor end plate? | Highly excitable and polarizable region of the sarcolemma |
| What is a motor unit? | It is a single somatic motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscles fibers that it innervates |
| How many muscle fibers does a motor neuron innervate? | As many fibers as it has terminal ends |
| Where would we find large motor units? | In large muscles used for gross movement |
| How are motor units recruited? | According to their size. Smaller motor units have a lower threshold of excitation therefore they'll be recruited first by default. |
| Can a muscle fiber be graded? | NO, it either contracts or it doesn't. The whole muscle can be graded however. |
| What does the size of a motor unit refer to? | The number of muscle fibers involved |
| What does the muscle spindle regulate? | The length of a muscle |
| What 3 things happen when a muscle spindle is activated? | 1. An agonist muscle is activated to oppose the effects of the stretching muscle. 2. The muscle being stretched or any antagonistic muscle to the agonist is inhibited. 3. The muscle spindle contracts to maintain the proper length with the muscle being stretched. |
| Why is it important to have the muscle spindle contract? | So it can continually monitor the length of the muscle. |
| Where is the Golgi tendon organ? | It exists in the tendons of skeletal muscles. |
| What does the GTO do? | Transmit information about the tension in the tendon to the CNS |
| What happens when the GTO is activated? | It inhibits the agonist muscle to protect muscle, joint, ligaments, and tendons. |
| What do adrenergic neurons release? | NE |
| The pre-synaptic sympathetic motor neuron always releases what? | ACh |
| What is released by the post-synaptic sympathetic motor neuron at smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands? | NE |
| What is released by the post-synaptic sympathetic motor neuron at sweat glands, blood vessels of skin, and skeletal muscle? | ACh |
| What is released by the sympathetic motor neuron at the adrenal medulla? | ACh |
| What does the adrenal medulla release and which is most abundant? | NE and EPI, roughly 80% is EPI |
| Motor neurons that release ACh are referred to as what? | Cholinergic |
| Is every cell innervated in cardiac and smooth muscle? | No, they have gap junctions because it's more efficient-> Heavy if every single one was innervated and hard to coordinate everything. |
| What is released by the pre-synaptic parasympathetic neuron? | ACh |
| What is released by the post-synaptic parasympathetic neuron? On what effector organs? | ACh, Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some glands. |
| ACh is always what to post ganglionic neurons? | Excitatory, it needs to continue to transmit impulse |
| What kind of innervation exists at the smooth muscle of blood vessels? | Single innervation by the sympathetic system |
| What does the parasympathetic system not innervate? | Blood vessels, adrenal gland, skin |
| Does the skeletal muscles have tonic control due to single innervation? | No, that only exists in the autonomic system. |
| What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasym system on the following? 1. Adipose tissue 2. Adrenal Medulla 3. Coronary Blood vessels 4. Blood vessels of skin and skeletal muscle 5.Blood vessels of viscera 6. Cardiac muscle 7. Digestive tract 8. Kidney 9. Liver 10. LUngs 11. Metabolism 12. Sweat Glands | 1. In lipolysis no innvervation 2. In secrection of epi/NE No inn 3. Vasodilation no inn 4. Vasodilation no inn 5. Vasoconstriction no inn 6. In rate/ force of contraction de rate of contrac 7. De activity of digestive system in motility 8. De uninary output no effect 9. In glycogenolysis no effect 10. bronchodilation broncho constriction 11. In metabolism no effect 12. In sweating no inn |
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