| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Procaryotes | a unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nuclei |
| List procaryotes structures | flagella, axial filaments, pili/filaments, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmid, ribosomes, inclusions, endospores, capsules |
| flagella | made of protein called flagellin and causes locomotion; basal body anchors flagella to cell wall & cell membrane |
| 4 types of flagella | monotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous, & lophotrichous |
| monotrichous | one flagella |
| amphitrichous | tuft at each end |
| peritrichous | distributed over entire cell |
| lophotrichous | 2 or more at one end |
| atrichous | bacterial that lack a flagella; note: all cocci are atrichous |
| axial filaments | anchored at 1 end & wrap around cell; corkscrew locomotion in spirochetes |
| pili/fimbriae | adhere to surfaces(colonization); conjugation(transfer of DNA) |
| cell wall (absent in mycoplasma sp.) | provides shape, protect cell membrane, anchors flagella, & prevent rupture of cell in hypotonich solution |
| what does cell wall composed of | peptidoglycan: NAG, NAM, Tetrapeptide sidechain attached to NAM'S (amino acids), peptide cross-bridge(amino acids) |
| NAG | N acetylglucosamine |
| NAM | N acetyl muramic acid note: lipid layer is barrier to enzmes, detergents & antibiotics |
| cell membrane (cytoplasmic/plasma membrane) | made of phospholidpid bilayer and less rigid than cell membrane in cell membrane in eucaryotes |
| what is the function of cell membrane | selective permeable; ATP synthesis; photosynthesis in certain microbes |
| cytoplasm | NO CYTOSKELETON(protein fibers that hold organelles); 80% water, proteins, carbs, lipids & inorganic ions;thick, aqueous,semitransparent, elastic |
| nucleoid(nuclear area) | circular double-stranded DNA (bacterial chromosome); NO nuclear membrane/histone proteins like eucary; attached to cell membrane |
| plasmids | provide new information such as drug resistance; replicates independently of chromosomal DNA-binary fisson |
| ribosomes | involved in protein synthesis; procaryotes=70s; humans=80s |
| inclusions | can hold glycogen, lipids, sulfur, enzmes, gas for buoyancy and even iron oxide (acts as magnet) |
| endospores | survival mechanism(NOT for reproduction); spore coat composition:PG, dipicolinic acid, Ca++; clostridium sp., & bacillus sp. |
| capsules(glycocalyx) | extreme virulent, tough for our body to get rid of; stain: india ink; bacteria: S.pneumoniae, pasteurella multocida, hemophilus influenza; Yeast:cryptococcus neoformens |
| pysical growth requirements of microbial | temperature, pH, Osmotic pressure |
| temperature | psychropilic-cold loving; 15C; mesophilic-room & body temps, most common cause of spoilage & disease; 25C; thermophilic-heat loving, 50C |
| pH | bacterial:pH 6-5 to 7.5; mold/yeast:pH 5 to 6 |
| osmotic pressure | water moves from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration; isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, halophiles, saccharophiles |
| isotonic | no net movement of water in/out of the cell |
| hypertonic | water leaves the cell, cell wall, & cell membrane pull apart &shrink(plasmolysis); cell growth inhibited; used to preserve food |
| hypotonic | water enters the cell which causes it to swell & burst; occurs with gram- cells |
| osmophiles | hypertonic loving |
| halophiles | love salt (eg.staphylococcus) |
| saccharophiles | love sugar |
| chemical growth requirments of microbial | autotrophs & heterotrophs |
| Autotrophs | self-feeders, carbon from C02; photoautotrophs & chemoautotrophs |
| photoautotrophs | get energy from light; includes photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) & algae |
| chemoautotrophs | get energy from inorganic cpds; soil microbes: BEGGIATOA; THIOBACILLUS, NITROSOMONAS/NITROBACTER |
| Heterotrophs | feeds on others, carbon from organic cpds; photoheterotrophs & chemoheterotrophs |
| photoheterotrophs | get energy from light; green nonsulfur & purple nonsulfur bacteria |
| chemoheterotrophs | energy & carbon is from organic cpds; MOST bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animal; |
| chemoheterotrophs classified on source of organic molecules | saprophtes: dead organic molecules; parasites:nutrients from living hosts; nitrogen, sulfur,& phosphorus; trace element: iron, copper, zinc; organic growth factors; oxgen:4categories |
| what are the 4 oxgen requirements | obligate aerobes (strict aerobes); obligate anaerobes(strict anaerobes); facultative aerobes/anearobes; microaerophilic |
| obligate aerobes | O2 is final electron acceptor; respiration(glycosis,krebs cycle, electron transport); generates 38 ATP; produce gas&smell ordor: pseudomonas sp. Note:eucaryotes generates 36 ATP/glucose in mitochondria |
| obligate anaerobes | organic cpds are final electron acceptor; 2 pathways: anaerobic respiration & fermentation(glycosis only end with ethanol, lactic acid...) |
| what is an example of anaerobes | clostridium sp. (C. tetani, C. perfringens) |
| facultative aerobes/anaerobes | live in presence /absence of 02; E. coli |
| microaerophilic | require small amounts of 02; Neisseria gonorrhea |
| what are the 4 growth phases of bacteria | LAG PHASE, LOG/EXPONENTIAL PHASE, STATIONARY PHASE, DEATH/logarithmic decline PHASE |
| lag phase | organisms are checking out the growth media |
| log/exponential phase | organism is most active |
| stationary phase | growth reaches plateau |
| death/logarithic decline phase | eventually organism dies due to lack of resources(food, 02,space,presence of toxic waste) |
| transfer of genetic information | transformation, conjugation, & transduction |
| transformation | plasmid: fragment/piece of DNA is linear/circular can exist in/out of cell; plasmid enters pores of cell wall & cell membrane; donor & recipient cells related; both gram-/+ |
| conjugation | must have cell-to-cell contact & PILI; 2 types:F+:pili & plamids (donor), F-:no pili or plasmids(recipient); Hfr:high frequency of recombination(plasmid becomes integrated in bacterial chromosome); Note: only gram- cells b/cos they have pili |
| transduction(virus/bacteriophage) | virus acts as vector by transporting bacterial DNA from donor bacteria to recipient bacterial cell; both gram-/+ cells |
Combine with other sets
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