biology test 4 plant and animal reproduction
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Created by:
darkleoforever on July 6, 2011
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127 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 asexual | genetically identical offspring |
| runner(stolon) | strawberry travels across the soil |
| rhizomes | A horizontal underground stem which can send out both shoots and roots, ________ sometimes have thickened areas that store starch. |
| sexual | offspring different from parents |
| alternation of generations | dipoid (2n) sporophyte generation alternates with haploids(1n) gametopyte generations |
| spore germinate | forms gametophyte (1n) which produces egg and sperm |
| megaspore | produces female gametophyte(embryo sac) -will produce the egg |
| microspore | produce the male gametophyte(pollen grain) will produce 2 sperm |
| includes embryo, food reserve and seed coat | seeds include the following |
| dormant | period of time where a plant wont germinate for months or years |
| complete flowers | have a central axis on which 4 successive sets of modified leaves are attached -petunias,roses and lilies |
| sepals | at base of flower-protect flower bud |
| petals | brightly colored and fragrant -advertise location |
| stamen | male reproductive productive structure attaches above petals |
| filament | stalk that supports the anther |
| anthers | produce pollen |
| carpel(pistol) | plant female reproductive structure |
| stigma | catches pollen(sticky ____) |
| style | connect with ovary |
| ovary(plant) | contains one or more ovules where female gametophyte develops |
| seed | mature ovule |
| fruit | mature ovary |
| incomplete flowers | lack one or more flower parts |
| incomplete male flowers | lack carpel |
| incomplete female flowers | lack stamen |
| pollen grain | the male gametophyte |
| 4 pollen sacs | each anther has |
| microspore mother cells(2n) | divide by meiosis to produce 4(1n) microspores produces the pollen grain |
| tube cell | guides formation of pollen tube |
| generative cell | divides to form 2 sperm cells(for double fertilization) |
| embryo | female gameophyte |
| within the ovary | ovules are produced |
| ovule wall | mother cell (2n) a single megaspore surrounds what? |
| megaspore mother cell (2n) | divides by meiosis to form 4 megaspores(3 degenerative) |
| one megaspore develops | the embryo sac -contains the egg and polar nuclei |
| pollination | -pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower by wind or animal |
| double fertilization | formation of zygote and endosperm by 2 fertilization events |
| fruit | ripened ovary with developing seeds inside -purpose is seed dispersal |
| simple fruit | derived from ovary of one flower(peach fruit) |
| aggregate fruit | derived from many ovaries of one flower( strawberry) fruit |
| multiple fruit | derived ovaries of many flowers(pineapple) fruit |
| seed | develops from the embryo sac and the ovule wall |
| seed coat | forms from ovule wall |
| cotyledons | seed leaves |
| monocotyledons | one cotyledon (corn wheat, rice) |
| dicotayledons | 2 cotyledons (pea, bean) |
| embryo within seed becomes dormant | a stage of lower metabolic activity, can endure harsh conditions (hibernation) |
| condition required for some seeds to break dormancy | drying ,cold,and seed coat disruption |
| epicotyl | developing shoot, above coteyledons |
| hypocotyl | above root, below cotyledons |
| shoot pushes through the soil protected by for the monocot | coleoptile protective sheath |
| what happens before the formation of the hook? | root emerges first in the dicots |
| monocots | cotyledon stays in ground |
| dicot | cotyledon moves above ground for developing seedlings |
| budding | what type of asexual reproduction does the hydra do? |
| fission | regrow missing parts (being cut in half) flatworm |
| external sexual reproduction | occurs outside the body of the parent (fish) |
| internal sexual reproduction | occurs within the body of the female -copulation |
| gonads | sex organ |
| testes | - male gonad |
| scrotum | pouch outside body to keep sperm at right temperature |
| seminiferous tubules | coiled hollow tubes in which sperm is reproduced (produce semen) in testes |
| spermatogenesis | primary spermatocyte(2n) development of spermatozoa primary spermatocyte(2N) |
| primary spermatocyte(2n) | divides by meiosis to produce haploid spermatids |
| spermatids mature to | ____ become sperm |
| sperm part head | contain haploid nucleus |
| sperm part acrosome | at tip of head, contains enzyme needed to penetrate the egg |
| sperm part midpiece | contains mitochondria |
| sperm part tail | flagellum |
| sertoli cells | nourish the developing sperm (nurse cells) |
| leydig cells (interstitial cells) | secrete testosterone |
| testosterone | male secondary sex hormone |
| epididymis(stored)-> | vas deferens |
| vas deferens → | urethra(opening for urine and semen) |
| uterus | womb, where embryo develops |
| endometrium | the inner wall of the uterus, supplied with blood vessels |
| myometrium | outer, muscular wall of uterus, contracts |
| cervix | base of uterus |
| vagina | birth canal |
| ovary | female gonad |
| primary oocytes | a girl is born with |
| follicle | contain primary oocyte and accessory cells secrete estrogen |
| estrogen | female secondary sex hormone stimulates growth of endometrium |
| menstrual cycle begins | after puberty |
| FSH | stimulates development of the follicle |
| LH | stimulates ovulation-a primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 and secondary oocyte (egg) is released |
| corpus luteum | forms from remnants of follicle (after ovulation) -produces progesterone and estrogen which inhibits LH and FSH from stimulating more follicle cells |
| progesterone | maintains uterine lining during pregnancy (birthing hormone) |
| a sperm penetrates the egg meiosis 2 | does not occur until? |
| if fertilization does occur (in oviduct) | zygote travels to uterus |
| vasectomy | vas deferens are severed |
| tubal ligation | oviducts are cut |
| birth control pill | contain estrogen and progesterone, suppresses LH , no egg forms |
| diaphragm and cervical cap | fits over cervix, preventing sperm from entering uterus used with spermicide |
| condom | sheath worn over penis |
| less effective methods | withdrawal and rhythm method |
| prevent implantation | -intrauterine device (IUD) -morning after pill |
| indirect development | animal undergo a radical change in body form caterpillar → butterfly |
| yolk | nourishes developing embryo |
| larva | sexually immature form |
| metamorphosis | revolution in body form from larva to sexually mature adult |
| direct development | offspring resemble miniature adults |
| 1st stage of development | gamete formation |
| 2nd stage of development | fertilization |
| 3rd stage of development | cleavage |
| 4th stage of development | gastrulation |
| 5th stage of development | organ formation |
| 6th stage of development | growth, tissue |
| 7th stage of development | specialization |
| cleavage | mitotic divisions increasing cell number but not size leading to a morula |
| morula | solid ball of small cells to later become the blastula |
| 1) ectoderm | nervous system and epidermis |
| 2) mesoderm | muscle, bones, reproductive structures |
| 3) endoderm | lining of internal organs, liver |
| differentiation (specialization) | the ________ of embryonic cell into different cell types, such as brain, nerve , etc |
| blastocyst | mamalian blastula formed 1 week after fertilization (the zygote after one week in humans that will turn to a embryo) |
| fetus | embryo at end of 2nd month -all organs formed |
| placental | interweaving of chorion (embryo) and endometrium. exchanges materials between mothers blood and fetus |
| labor | contraction of the uterus that results in birth |
| baby's head causes | dilation of cervix |
| mammary glands | milk producing glands in the breast |
| lactation | actual secretion of milk promoted by pituitary hormone prolactin |
| prolactin and oxytocin | baby suckling stimulates |
| colostrum | substance first available (several days)to a nursing infant, high in protein and antibodies |
| gastrulation | some cells move inward producing a three layer embryo |
| oxytocin | - causes muscles around mammary gland to contract and release |
| prolactin | hormone responsible for milk production |
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