MCAT Biology: Chapter 3
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15 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Autotrophs | Organisms that are capable of using the sun's energy to create organic molecules |
| Photosynthesis | Anabolic process performed by plants and other organisms to create glucose from sunlight, CO2 and water |
| ATP | Primary energy currency of the cell. Contains high energy phosphate bonds, the breaking of which can be coupled to endothermic/endergonic reactions to make them proceed |
| NAD+ | Coenzyme capable of accepting high-energy electrons during glucose oxidation. Each molecule of _____ typically produces 3 ATP via the electron transport chain |
| FADH2 | Coenzyme capable of accepting high-energy electrons during glucose oxidation. Each molecule of _____ produces 3 ATP via the electron transport chain |
| Glycolysis | Series of reactions occuring in the cytoplasm that break down glucose into smaller organic molecules. Produces 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| Fermentation | Reaction which regenerates NAD+ anaerobically to allow glycolysis to occur. Products are ethanol or lactic acid |
| Pyruvate decarboxylation | Process of adding CoA to pyruvate. Produces 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2 and 2 NADH from 2 Pyruvate |
| Citric acid cycle | Series of 8 reactions that extracts energy from Acetyl-CoA by combining with oxaloacetate, regenerating oxaloacetate in the process. Produces 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 from 2 Pyruvate |
| Electron Transport Chain | Component of aerobic respiration that generates the most ATP from electron carriers. Cytochromes accept the electrons and combines them with 2 H+ and 0.5 O2 to form H20 |
| Cyanide | A poison which blocks the final transfer of electrons to O2 |
| DNP | A poison that destroys the mitochondrion's ability to generate a useful proton gradient |
| Carbohydrates | Sugar polymers that can be broken down during digestion and either 1) used as monosaccharides in respiration, 2) converted to glycogen for storage |
| Fats | Component of diet found in form of tryglicerides. Glycerol can be converted to PGAL, fatty acids cleaved via Beta-oxidation into acetyl-CoA |
| Proteins | Polypeptides: amino acids can have amine moiety via transaminases and converted to alpha-keto acids |
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