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The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels. TRUE In the somatosensory system there are no third-order neurons in the cerebellum. TRUE There are 41 pairs of spinal nerves. FALSE The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers. FALSE The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus. TRUE The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers. TRUE The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves. TRUE The dorsal ramus consists only of motor fibers bringing information to the spinal cord. FALSE Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves. TRUE Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. TRUE Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups. TRUE The obturator nerve branches from the sacral plexus. FALSE Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond. FALSE External strabismus and ptosis could be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve. TRUE The cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved in regulating motor activity, starting and stopping movements, and coordinating postural movements. TRUE The patellar "knee jerk" reflex is an example of a(n) ________. A) extensor thrust reflex B) stress reflex C) crossed-extensor reflex D) stretch reflex D) stretch reflex The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve. A) ophthalmic B) maxillary C) cervical D) mandibular C) cervical Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? A) median B) phrenic C) radial D) ulnar B) phrenic Which of the following is not an example of an exteroceptor? A) touch B) pressure C) pain D) temperature E) baroreceptor E) baroreceptor Which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in the somatosensory system? A) receptor B) circuit C) segmental D) perceptual C) segmental The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve. A) obturator B) common fibular C) tibial D) femoral C) tibial Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order): A) roots, trunks, divisions, and cords B) roots, divisions, cords, and trunks C) divisions, roots, trunks, and cords D) trunks, divisions, cords, and roots A) roots, trunks, divisions, and cords The cranial nerve with a dual origin (brain and spinal cord) is the ________. A) hypoglossal B) accessory C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal B) accessory Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation? A) The stimulus energy must match the specificity of the receptor. B) The stimulus energy must occur within the receptor's receptive field. C) The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential. D) A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold. C) The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a transduction potential. A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. A) femoral B) iliohypogastric C) sciatic D) ilioinguinal A) femoral Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________. A) lumbar plexus B) femoral plexus C) sacral plexus D) thoracic plexus C) sacral plexus The abducens nerve ________. A) supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye B) relays sensory information from taste buds on the tongue C) exits from the medulla D) if paralyzed, exhibits Bell's palsy A) supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye Inborn or intristic reflexes are ________. A) rapid, predictable, learned responses B) involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior C) autonomic only D) always mediated by the brain B) involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior Which of the following is not an aspect of sensory perception? A) magnitude estimation B) spatial discrimination C) feature attraction D) quality estimation E) pattern recognition D) quality estimation Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________. A) radial nerve B) sciatic nerve C) ulnar nerve D) median nerve C) ulnar nerve A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________. A) Golgi tendon reflex B) flexor reflex C) crossed-extensor reflex D) plantar reflex A) Golgi tendon reflex Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ________. A) interoceptors B) exteroceptors C) proprioceptors D) mechanoreceptors B) exteroceptors Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. A) interoceptors B) photoreceptors C) nociceptors D) proprioceptors C) nociceptors Which receptors adapt most slowly? A) smell receptors B) pressure receptors C) nociceptors D) touch receptors C) nociceptors The trochlear nerve conveys proprioceptor impulses from the ________ to the brain. A) medial rectus muscle B) lateral rectus muscle C) superior rectus muscle D) inferior rectus muscle C) superior rectus muscle Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A) afferent nerves B) efferent nerves C) motor nerves D) mixed nerves A) afferent nerves After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. A) Wallerian cells B) Schwann cells C) dendrites D) Golgi organs B) Schwann cells Regeneration within the CNS ________. A) is more successful than with the PNS B) typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm C) is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes D) is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars C) is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________. A) also flex B) extend C) abduct D) adduct B) extend Select the correct definition. A) Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation. B) Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body. C) Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face. D) Spatial discrimination allows us to recognize textures. C) Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face. All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________. A) pons B) thalamus C) reticular formation D) medulla B) thalamus The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves? A) pudendal and posterior femoral cutaneous B) posterior femoral cutaneous and tibial C) pudendal and common fibular D) common fibular and tibial D) common fibular and tibial Irritation of a major nerve of this plexus may cause hiccups. A) cervical plexus B) lumbar plexus C) sacral plexus D) thoracic plexus A) cervical plexus Bell's palsy is ________. A) characterized by partial paralysis of diaphragm muscles B) characterized by loss of vision C) often caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve D) characterized by paralysis of facial muscles D) characterized by paralysis of facial muscles Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? A) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor B) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector C) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor D) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector B) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following? A) oculomotor B) olfactory C) trigeminal D) facial B) olfactory Transduction refers to conversion of ________. A) presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses B) stimulus information to nerve impulses C) receptor energy to stimulus energy D) afferent impulses to efferent impulses B) stimulus information to nerve impulses The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve? A) radial B) median C) ulnar D) musculocutaneous D) musculocutaneous The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all except the ________. A) trigeminal B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) trochlear D) trochlear Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve? A) abducens B) vestibulocochlear C) trigeminal D) accessory B) vestibulocochlear A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve? A) glossopharyngeal B) vagus C) olfactory D) accessory C) olfactory Select the statement that is most correct. A) Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with efferent fibers. B) Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. C) The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure. D) The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord. B) Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in ________. A) neurofibromatosis B) postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy C) paresthesia D) sciatica D) sciatica Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________. A) Meissner's corpuscles B) tactile discs C) Pacinian corpuscles D) hair follicle receptors C) Pacinian corpuscles A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged? A) facial B) glossopharyngeal C) hypoglossal D) accessory A) facial If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? A) complete loss of sensation B) a complete loss of voluntary movement C) loss of neither sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control D) a complete loss of sensation and movement B) a complete loss of voluntary movement A pebble kicked up into a shoe causes the ________ of localized deep pressure, but the ________ of it is an awareness of discomfort. sensation; perception Which receptors are modified free-nerve endings found in the deeper levels of the epidermis? Tactile discs The perineurium defines the boundary of a ________. fascicle The ________ nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. trigeminal Ventral spinal cord roots contain ________ fibers, while the dorsal roots contain ________ fibers. motor (efferent); sensory (afferent) The facial nerve is cranial nerve number ________. VII ________ is a protective reflex that also overrides the spinal pathways and prevents any other reflexes from using them at the same time. Flexor reflex ________ is the tingling sensation or numbness when blood has been cut off from an area, as when the foot "goes to sleep." Ischemia Pain, temperature, and coarse touch are involved in the ________ ascending pathways of the somatosensory system. nonspecific Complex motor behavior such as walking depends on ________ patterns. fixed-action Information regarding skeletal muscle tension is provided by ________ and muscle length by ________. Golgi tendon organs; muscle spindles